From: Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan
In vivo | In vitro | |||||||||||
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 | Plant name/ Family | Part used | Extract | Dosage (mg/Kg) | Route of administration | Model | Phytocompounds | Extract | Enzyme | Concentration(mg/ml) | Inhibition (%) | References |
1 | Artemisia arborescens L./ Asteraceae | Leaf | Ethyl acetate | 250 | Oral | Wistar rats | Phenolic, flavonoids, tannin | Ethyl acetate | α-amylase | 0.9 | 58.14 | [34] |
2 | Aloe vera L./ Asphodelaceae | Leaf | leaf pulp (gel together with latex) | 10 | Intraperitoneally | Female Albino Rats | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycoside, tannins | Methanolic | α-amylase | 5 | 66 | |
3 | Azadirachta indica A.Juss./ Meliaceae | Leaf | Aqueous extract | 400 | Intraperitoneally | Male Wistar rats | Flavonoids, xanthine, terpenoids and glycosides | Ethanol | α-amylase | 5 | 63.5 | |
α-glucosidase | 66.7 | |||||||||||
4 | Abelmoschus esculentus Moench./ Malvaceae | Fruit | Crude | 120 | Intraperitoneally | Rats | Tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids | Ethanol | α-amylase | (0.05-2.5 | 80.2 | |
α-glucosidase | 93.6 | |||||||||||
5 | Brassica rapa L./ Brassicaceae | Root | Ethanolic | 200 | Intraperitoneally | Male Wistar rats | Flavonoids, alkaloids, and phytosterols | Ethanolic | α-glucosidase | 0.5 | 44.6 | |
6 | Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand./ Asclepiadaceae | Flower, aerial parts | latex | 100 and 400 mg/kg d | Oral | Rats | carboxylic acid, alkenes, and ester | Chloroform | α -amylase | 0.2 | 60 | |
7 | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad./ Cucurbitaceae | Seeds | Aqueous | 90 | Intraperitoneally | Female Wistar rats | Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenols | Ethanolic | α-glucosidase | 0.01 | 355.5 | |
 |  | Fruit | Petroleum ether | 300&500 | Oral | Albino rats | Sugars, fatty acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and essential oils | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
8 | Cinnamomum sintoc Blum / Lauraceae | Bark | NA | NA |  | NA | NA | Ethanolic | α-glucosidase | 1 | 83.94 | [49] |
9 | Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.)/ Apocynaceae | Whole plant | Ethyl acetate | 25& 500 | Oral | Rabbits | Steroids, terpenoids, tannins and amino acids; | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
10 | Capparis decidua Edgew./ Capparaceae | Stem | Aqueous and Ethanolic | 500 | Oral | Albino rats | Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols & tannins, | NA | NA | NA | NA | [51] |
11 | Capsicum baccatum L./ Solanaceae | Fruit | Ethanolic | 300 | Intraperitoneally | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Oleoresin, phenolic, carotenoids, flavonoids, reducing sugars. | Ethanolic | Ethyl acetate α-amylase | 2.5 | 143.6 | |
Hexane α-glucosidase | 95.6 | |||||||||||
12 | Carica papaya L./ Caricaeae | Leaf | Ethanolic | 100 | Intraperitoneally | Wistar mice | Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and saponins. | Methanolic | α-amylase | 0.1 | 25.2 | [54] |
13 | Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl./ Rosaceae | Leaf | Ethanolic | 300 mg/kg | Intraperitoneally | Albino rats | Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and carbohydrates | NA | NA | NA | NA | [55] |
14 | Zygophyllum indicum (Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng/ Zygophyllaceae | Whole plant | Methanolic | 150 | Intraperitoneally | Rabbits | Saponins, tannins, sterols and triterpenoids, alkaloids | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
15 | Ficus carica L./ Moraceae | Leaves, Fruit | Dichloromethane | 500 & 1000 | Intraperitoneally | Male mice | NA | Ethanolic | α-amylase | 0.1–0.5 | 104.6 | |
α- glucosidase | 81.6 | |||||||||||
16 | Hordeum vulgare L./ Poaceae | Grain | Hydro-alcohol | 250 & 500 | Intraperitoneally | Male Wistar rats | Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins and Saponins | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
17 | Lantana camara L./ Verbanaceae | Fruit | Methanolic | 200 | Intramuscular injection | Male Albino rats | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, and fixed oils. | Methanolic | α-amylase | 0.1 | 33.3 | [62] |
18 | Ligustrum vulgare L. /Oleaceae | Leaf | Aqueous | 50-200 | Intraperitoneally | Albino rats | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [63] |
19 | Mangifera indica L./Anacardiaceae | Leaf | Aqueous | 200 | Mouth | Albino Rats | Flavonoids, tannins, steroids and terpenoids | Ethanol | α-amylase | 0.2 | 51.4 | |
20 | Momordica charantia L./ Cucurbitaceae | Fruit | Ethanol | 110 | Intraperitoneally | Male albino rats | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins | Ethanolic | α-glucosidase | 0.1 | 0.267 | |
α-amylase | 0.05 | 0.298 | ||||||||||
21 | Moringa oleifera Lam./ Moringaceae | Leaf | Ethanolic | 250 & 500 | Intraperitoneally | Wistar rats | Flavonoids, tannin, cardiac glycosides alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, | Ethyl acetate | α-amylase | 1 | 26.3 | [68] |
22 | Melia azedarach L./ Meliaceae | Leaf | Ethanol | 100 | Intraperitoneally | Albino rats, | Polyphenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins | Ethanolic | α-glucosidase | 0.05 | 72.0 | |
23 | Nigella sativa L./ Ranunculaceae | Seed | Ethanol | 48 | Intraperitoneally | Male albino rats | NA | Hexane | α-glucosidase | 0.1 | 13.1 | |
α-amylase | 0.2 | 90.1 | ||||||||||
24 | Olea capensis L./ Oleaceae | Leaf | aqueous | 200 | Intraperitoneally | NA | Flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins and polysaccharides | Aqueous | α-glucosidase | 3.85 | 81.34 | |
25 | Opuntia anacantha Speg./ Cactaceae | Fruit | Aqueous | 100 | Oral | Male Dawley rats | Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and phenols | Hydro-alcoholic | α-amylase | 0.5 | 54.6 | |
26 | Olea europaea L./ Oleaceae | Leaf | Aqueous | 100, 250 & 500 | Oral | Male adult Wistar rats | Glycosides, flavonoids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. | Ethanolic | α-amylase | 500000 | 121 | |
α-glucosidase | 165 | |||||||||||
 |  | Fruit Oil | Phenolic | 20 | Intraperitoneally | Male Wistar rats | Phenol, tyrosol, and oxy tyrosol. | Ethanolic | α-amylase | 500000 | 210.5 | [80], |
α-glucosidase e | 204.3 | |||||||||||
27 | Parthenium integrifolium L./ Asteraceae | Flower | Aqueous | 100 | Oral | Albino rats | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [81] |
28 | Psidium guajava L./ Myrtaceae | Leaf | Methanolic | 10 | Intraperitoneally | Male Wistar rats | Sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids | Methanolic | α-glucosidase | 1.0 | 89.4 | |
α-amylase | 96.3 | |||||||||||
29 | Punica granatum L./ Punicaceae | Peel | Aqueous | 430 | Intraperitoneally | Male albino rats | Tannins, steroids flavonoids, quinines, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates | Ethanolic and aqueous extract | α-glucosidase | (0.1–1 | 53.3,65.48 | |
30 | Rhazya stricta Decne./ Apocynaceae | Leaves and fruit | Crude extract | 1 | Intraperitoneally | Albino rats | Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins | NA | NA | NA | NA | [86] |
31 | Solanum virginianum L./ Solanaceae | Whole plant | Aqueous | 2000 | Intraperitoneally | Albino mice | Alkaloids, glycosides, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, and saponins | NA | NA | NA | NA | [87] |
32 | Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst./ Tamaricaceae | Leaf | Methanolic | 400 | Intraperitoneally | Male Wistar rats | Flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenoids | Methanolic | α-glucosidase | 0.024 | 67 | |
33 | Trigonella foenum-graecum L./ Fabaceae | Fruit | Ethanolic | 200 | Oral | Male albino Wister rats | Tannins, phenols, terpenoids | Petroleum ether | α-amylase | 1 | 65.9 | |
34 | Terminalia chebula Retz./ Combretaceae | Seed | Ethanolic | 100, 250, & 500 | Oral | Male Wister rats | Polyphenols and flavonoids | Ethyl acetate | α-amylase | 0.25 | 64.5 | [92] |
α-glucosidase | 52.5 | |||||||||||
35 | Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal./ Solanaceae | Fruit | Aqueous | 250 | Intraperitoneal Injection | Male albino Wistar rats | Carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids | Ethanolic | α- glucosidase | 0.05 | 45.4 | |
36 | Ziziphus nummularia Burm.Wight & Arn/ Rhamnaceae | Leaf | Ethanol Aqueous | 250 & 500 | Oral | Swiss albino Male Wister rats | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, mucilage, tannins, steroids and phenolic compound | Saponin Extract | α-amylase | 0.16 | 88.3 |