Exploring the benefits of wild plants in dietary nutrition: investigating perspectives, choices, health impacts and sustainable practices

Anwar, Tauseef; Qureshi, Huma; Shahzadi, Sumbal; Siddiqi, Ejaz Hussain; Ali, Hayssam M.; Abdelhamid, Mohamed M. A.; Nazim, Muhammad

doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04379-4

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 4 Ethnobotanical plant traits used by indigenous people in the study area

From: Exploring the benefits of wild plants in dietary nutrition: investigating perspectives, choices, health impacts and sustainable practices

BN	LN	Family	LF	PU	Rec.	App.	Uses	UV	FL	RI	RFC	FI	RPL	ROP	CSI
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 362/Botany	Kanghi booti	Malvaceae	Perennial shrub	Whole plant	Paste, Infusion	Massage, Oral	Piles, Inflammation, cancer, diarrhea	0.28	31	3.56	0.007	0.77	0.20	18.75	3.5
Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites 397/Botany	Pooji Chabbar	Poaceae	Perennial grass	Whole plant	Herbal tea, paste	Oral, Topical	Diabetes, wound healing	0.25	62	1.8	0.004	0.44	0.33	10.61	0.5
Anethum graveolens L. 382/Botany	Soay	Apiaceae	Annual herb	Seeds, leaves	Decoction, herbal tea	Oral	Eye diseases, stomach, ulcer	0.33	44	1.83	0.004	0.49	0.30	14.52	0.56
Asphodelus tenuifloius Cav. 375/Botany	Piazzi	Asphodelaceae	Annual herb	Seed, root, stem, leaves	Juice, herbal tea and decoctions	Oral, topical	Wound healing, diuretic, piles	0.27	54	2.68	0.006	0.6	0.27	14.72	2.75
Boerhavia diffusa L. 389/Botany	It-sit	Nyctaginaceae	Perennial herb	Root, leaves	Juice, powder	Oral, Topical	Jaundice, eye diseases, diuretic *Diabetes	0.4	40	3.47	0.005	0.55	0.30	16	2.35
Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. 380/Botany	Bara_ak	Apocynaceae	Perennial shrub	Whole plant	Juice, Fresh paste	Oral, Topical massage	Cough, asthma, *fever	0.33	50	3.5	0.006	0.66	0.30	16.5	1.5
Capparis spinosa L. 392/Botany	Kuber	Capparaceae	Perennial shrub	Fruit, leaves, root, bark	Herbal tea, powder paste	Oral, Topical, Massage	Diabetes, cough, asthma, pain	0.3	30	3.53	0.007	0.71	0.21	13.8	1.73
Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. 398/Botany	Pohli	Asteraceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Juice, decoction	Oral, Massage	Ulcer, jaundice, skin diseases, *diarrhea	0.33	42	3.5	0.006	0.66	0.22	0.13	3.2
Chenopodium album L. 369/Botany	Bathu	Chenopodiaceae	Annual herb	Seeds, leaves, shoots	Decoction, Herbal tea powder	Oral,Massage	Stomachache, laxative, diuretic, hepatitis	0.25	57	2.71	0.006	0.66	0.25	14.25	1.6
Cleome brachycarpa M.Vahl ex Triana & Planchon 368/Botany	Kastoori	Cleomaceae	Perennial herb	Whole plant	Decoction, paste	Oral, Topical, Massage	Skin diseases, anti-microbial, rheumatism, inflammation	0.27	38	2.79	0.008	0.82	0.28	10.26	3.75
Cucumis melo L. 361/Botany	Chibbar	Cucurbitaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Herbal tea, infusion, decoction, paste	Oral, Topical	Cholesterol, constipation, kidney, diuretic	0.36	70	2.68	0.006	0.6	0.23	7.6	1.375
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult. 367/Botany	Khawi	Poaceae	Perennial herb	Whole plant	Paste, decoction	Oral, Topical, Massage	*Gargles, skin diseases, cough, inflammation	0.23	37	2.73	0.007	0.71	0.25	16.15	3.058824
Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. 400/Botany	Deela	Cyperaceae	Perennial herb	Root, leaves, fruit	Decoction, paste	Topical, Massage	Stomach, diuretic, constipation	0.28	36	3.56	0.007	0.77	0.30	10.29	3.73
Datura metel L. 364/Botany	Datura	Solanaceae	Annual shrub	Whole plant	Decoction, infusion, paste	Oral	Skin diseases, asthma, cough inflammation	0.4	40	3.47	0.005	0.55	0.30	16	2.35
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf 378/Botany	Dab	Poaceae	Perennial grass	Whole plant	Juice, paste	Oral	Inflammation, fever, asthma	0.21	43	2.76	0.007	0.77	0.36	9.21	1.86
Digera muricata Mart. 370/Botany	Taandla	Amaranthaceae	Annual, herb	Whole plant	Paste, decoction, herbal tea, juice	Oral, Topical	Constipation, diuretic, liver, diabetes	0.28	43	3.56	0.007	0.77	0.30	12.29	3.73
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms 393/Botany	Jal kudi	Pontenderaceae	Perennial herb	Stem, Leaves, root	Juice, infusion	Oral	*Cancer, skin diseases	0.21	42	2.76	0.007	0.77	0.36	8.82	3.5
Ficus benghalensis L. 377/Botany	Bohar	Moraceae	Perennial tree	Stem, root, leaves, flowers	Powder, juice	Oral	*Wound healing, gonorrhea, diarrhea	0.27	30	2.65	0.005	0.55	0.33	8.1	1.25
Frankenia pulverulenta L. 372/Botany	Khareya	Frankeniaceae	Annual herb	Flowers, stem, leaves	Decoction, paste	Oral, Massage	Skin diseases, analgesic	0.27	45	2.65	0.006	0.6	0.27	12.2	2.58
Glinus lotoides L. 390/Botany	Gandi booti	Molluginaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Juice, decoction, paste	Oral, Topical	Inflammation, ulcer, wound healing	0.33	40	2.79	0.004	0.49	0.28	13.3	1.05
Heliotropium crispum Desf. 374/Botany	Kaali lani	Boraginaceae	Perennial herb	whole plant	Decoction, powder	Oral, Topical	Usage in ulcer and kidney diseases	0.23	53	2.73	0.007	0.71	0.30	12.3	3.25
Heliotropium curassavicum L. 388/Botany	Lani patta	Boraginaceae	Perennial herb	Root, leaves, flowers	Infusion, paste	Oral, Topical	Used for wound healing, skin and hepatitis	0.17	83	1.91	0.006	0.66	0.28	14.16	3
Heliotropium europaeum L. 373/Botany	Haathi sundi	Boraginaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Decoction, infusion	Oral, Topical	Skin, wound healing, cough	0.27	45	2.68	0.006	0.6	0.23	12.27	2.75
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. 385/Botany	Khipp	Apocynaceae	perennial shrub	Whole plant	Paste, decoction	Oral, Massage	Cancer, fever, jaundice, constipation, diabetes	0.4	30	2.71	0.005	0.66	0.27	12	2.35
Lolium perenne L. 391/Botany		Poaceae	Perennial grass	whole plant	Infusion, paste	Oral, Massage	*Diarrhea, cancer	0.3	50	2.65	0.005	0.55	0.33	15	2.67
Malcolmia africana (L.) W.T.Aiton 381/Botany	Jangle surmee	Brassicaceae	Annual herb	Flowers, leaves, seed	Powder, paste	Oral, Topical	*Used in diabetes and cardiac diseases	0.2	80	1.86	0.005	0.55	0.33	16	1.25
Malva sylvestris L. 394/Botany	Khubazi	Malvaceae	Perennial herb	Leaves, root	Decoction, paste	Oral	Wound healing, cough, ulcer	0.2	80	1.86	0.005	0.55	0.28	16	2.5
Melia azedarach L. 379/Botany	Bakain	Meliaceae	Perennial tree	Seed, leaves, bark	Decoction, juice	Oral	Ulcer, blood purify, skin diseases	0.2	50	1.89	0.005	0.55	0.17	10	2.35
Melilotus albus Desr. 399/Botany	Jangle sainjee	Fabaceae	Annual herb	Seeds, Leaves	Infusion, juice	Oral	*Laxative, inflammation, eye diseases	0.22	66	3.5	0.006	0.66	0.28	14.52	0.56
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. 401/Botany	Jangle tambaku	Solanaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Juice, paste	Oral, Topical	Inflammation, rheumatism, snake bite, wound healing	0.3	40	3.48	0.005	0.55	0.27	12	2.5
Oligomeris linifolia J.F.Macbr. 395/Botany	Shootk	Resedaceae	Annual herb	Leaves, fruit	Powder, decoction	Oral	*Fever, jaundice, diarrhea	0.33	33	3.5	0.006	0.66	0.38	10.98	3.00
Oxalis corniculata L. 363/Botany.	Khati methi booti	Oxalidaceae	Perennial herb	Whole plant	Decoction, infusion	Oral	Diuretic, diabetes, stomach, fever	0.38	50	2.6	0.004	0.44	0.28	19	0.5
Parkinsonia aculeata L. 383/Botany	Walaiti kikar	Fabaceae	Perennial tree	Whole plant	Decoction, juice	Oral	Diabetes, inflammation	0.3	40	2.65	0.005	0.55	0.30	12	2.67
Peganum harmala L. 387/Botany	Harmal	Zygophyllaceae	Perennial herb	Seed, root, bark	Decoction, infusion, paste	Oral, Massage	*Diabetes, skin diseases, asthma	0.27	36	2.62	0.006	0.49	0.30	9.72	2.75
Persicaria barbata (L.) Hara 384/Botany	Jor booti	Polygonaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Powder, infusion	Oral, Massage	Wound healing, rheumatism, ulcer, astringent	0.44	44	2.65	0.004	0.55	0.27	19.5	1.05
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez 365/Botany	Booti, gandi booti	Polygonaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Decoction, infusion, paste	Oral, Topical	*Diuretic, pain, cancer	0.27	40	3.58	0.008	0.49	0.23	10.8	1.875
Salvadora oleoides Decne. 376/Botany	Wan	Salvadoraceae	Perennial tree	whole plant	Decoction, paste, herbal tea	Oral, Topical	*Analgesic, skin diseases, cough, rheumatism,	0.21	50	3.58	0.007	0.77	0.20	10.5	1.125
Silene conoidea L. 396/Botany	Chota takla	Caryophyllaceae	Annual herb	Leaves, bark, stem	Decoction, paste	Oral, Topical	Cancer, pain, diabetes, skin diseases	0.18	44	2.62	0.008	0.88	0.20	8.25	2.82
Solanum virginianum L. 366/Botany	Kantakari	Solanaceae	Perennial herb	Whole plant	Juice, paste, infusion	Oral, Topical	Liver disorders, cough, asthma, fever	0.27	45	2.68	0.006	0.6	0.18	12.2	3.05
Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. 371/Botany	Laani	Amaranthaceae	perennial shrub	Whole plant	Powder, herbal tea	Oral	*Kidney diseases, skin, eyes problems	0.23	53	2.73	0.007	0.71	0.28	12.38	3.25
Trifolium resupinatum L. 386/Botany	Shatala	Fabaceae	Annual herb	Whole plant	Juice, herbal tea	Oral	*Usage in cancer, ulcer, skin disorders, cough	0.36	36	3.47	0.006	0.6	0.30	13.17	2.5

BN Botanical name, LN Local name, LF Life form, PU Part used Rec. Recipe App. Mode of application, UV Use value, RFC Relative frequency citation, RI Relative importance, CSI Cultural significance index, FI Frequency index, RPL Relative popularity level, ROP Rank order priority, FL Fidelity level, * = novel use, (Ψ) = plant with similar use; (φ) = plant with dissimilar use; ( ) = plant not reported in previous study 1: (Nisar et al., 2014); 2: (Anwer et al., 2020); 3: (Ali et al., 2023); 4: (Shah et al., 2013); 5: (Umair et al., 2017); 6: (Wariss et al., 2014); 7: (Uzun and Koca, 2020); 8: (Behera et al., 2021); 9: (Guo et al., 2022); 10: (Nadaf et al., 2023). Ingestion of M. azedarach seeds can lead to symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. A. indicum may cause allergic reactions. Ingestion of C. gigantea contain may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and in extreme cases, it can be fatal. In some cases, C. album may cause allergic reactions

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