Fig. 3

(I): Photomacrographs of the stomach of a representative rat, which have been cut along the greater curvature. A represents the control group treated with a vehicle substance. B represents the experimental group treated with indomethacin. C represents the experimental group treated with famotidine. D represents the experimental group treated with A. graveolens extract. The presence of both circular and linear gastric ulcers was observed in the indomethacin-treated group, which were significantly reduced by the administration of the reference drug (famotidine) and the A. graveolens extract. (II): The impact of indomethacin, both in isolation and in conjunction with pre-treatments of famotidine, as well as the A. graveolens extract, on the gastric ulcer index in rats. The statistical analyses were conducted employing ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. The sample size was n = 6, and the results are presented as the mean ± SEM. * Significantly different from the control group at p ≤ 0.05. # Significantly different from the indomethacin-alone group (ulcer group) at p ≤ 0.05