Fig. 4

Effect of hispidulin on Th1 cell differentiation. a Cytotoxicity of hispidulin. Isolated naïve CD4⁺ T cells were cultured with hispidulin (0–50 μM) for 7 days. b and c Th1 cell differentiation in the presence of hispidulin. Isolated naïve CD4⁺ T cells were cultured under the Th1-skewing condition in the presence of hispidulin (0–50 μM). Total numbers of CD4⁺ T cells and percentages of IFN-γ producing CD4⁺ T cells were measured. All values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 4; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)