Therapeutic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: a proteomic and metabolomic approach

Table 3 Differentially expressed serum metabolites between normal controls and rats with gastric ulcer and between gastric ulcer and after treatment with AW extract

Metabolite	Matched chemical shifts	I vs. C		I + AW vs. I
Metabolite	Matched chemical shifts	VIP*	Fold (I/C)	VIP*	Fold (I + AW/I)
Glucose	3.405, 3.455, 3.735	2.294^b	0.58	1.110	1.02
Xylose	3.425, 3.225	2.902^b	0.54	1.510	1.08
Myo-inositol	3.525, 3.615	2.347^a	1.93	3.725^c	0.40
Choline	3.185, 3.515	1.542^a	0.54	2.576^c	2.20
Pantothenate	3.505	1.953^a	1.65	3.355^a	0.51
Trans-4-hydroxyproline	3.355, 3.475	2.036^a	0.63	1.154	1.15
α-ketoisovalerate	1.135, 1.115, 2.985	4.836^a	1.80	8.008^c	0.46
Homoserine	2.085, 2.075, 3.745, 3.795	2.622^b	1.61	1.725	0.82
Acetylcarnitine	3.625, 3.205	3.108^b	0.40	1.341	1.12
Arginine	1.905, 3.785	1.296^b	1.44	1.118^a	0.75
3-Methylglutarate	0.905	1.046^a	1.14	1.064	0.92
Homovanillate	3.445, 3.875	1.866^a	0.80	1.440	1.18
Glycine	3.545	1.748^b	1.72	2.420^c	0.55
2,2-Dimethylsuccinate	1.155, 1.145	2.311^a	1.47	5.332^b	0.47

C: control group, I: rats with indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer, I + AW: ulcerated rats treated with AW extract. a: p < 0.05, b: p < 0.01, c: p < 0.001. * metabolites with VIP > 1 are considered
(*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)

ISSN: 2662-7671