Fig. 4

Digitalization images (100×) from H&E staining and Masson’s trichrome staining. (a) Bladder wall thickness was measured on H&E images (n = 8). (b) The ratio of smooth muscle to collagen within bladder smooth muscle layer wall was determined using the images stained with Masson’s trichrome (n = 7). Model vs. control group ^*P < 0.05 and ^**P < 0.01; Treatment vs. model group ^#P < 0.05 and ^##P < 0.01