Fig. 4

The effects of AC on recognition memory were assessed using a novel ORT. The time spent sniffing familiar and novel objects during a 3-min choice trial (a) and the ability to discriminate (b) between familiar and novel objects were measured. The MWMW test was used to assess the effect of AC on spatial learning and memory. The time taken to escape (latency) from the water during acquisition trials featuring a submerged platform (c), the spent in the target quadrant (d), distance travelled in the target quadrant (e), and swimming speed (f) were the outcome measures. The OFT was to assess the effect of AC on locomotor activity and the total number of rearing behaviors (g) (n = 6~7/group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. the CON group, #p < 0.05, #p < 0.05 vs. the SPS group