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Table 1 Lichens collected from Annapurna conservation area and their biological activities

From: Investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicity activities of lichens from high altitude regions of Nepal

S.N

Symbol

Name

Dry wt.

Activity DPPHa

Anti microbial activity

Brine shrimp

Candida albicans(mm)

    

Methanol

DCM

DCM

MeOH

DCM

DCM fraction

1

DAN-1

Parmotrema cetratum

10

44.4 ± 0.5

11.4 ± 0.1

Α (7) B (7)

S

S

-

2

DAN-2

Usnea pectinata

10

-

-

-

S

S

-

3

DAN-3

Ramalina conduplicans

10

-

22.9 ± 0.7

Β(12)

S

S

-

4

DAN-4

Everniastrum cirrhatum

2

-

-

Β(11)

I

S

-

5

DAN-5

Parmotrema sanoti-angelii

10

-

-

A(10) B(10)

S

S

-

6

DAN-6

Parmotrema reticulatum

10

23.3 ± 0.3

22.1 ± 0.1

A(10) B(9)

S

S

-

7

DAN-7

Heterodermia diademata

10

-

-

Β (7)

I

S

-

8

DAN-8

Cladonia verticillata

9.1

-

44.1 ± 0.3

Β (8)

W

S

-

9

DAN-9

Parmotrema sp.

10

-

-

Β (7)

I

S

-

10

DAN-10

Parmotrema tinctorum

10

-

-

Β (7)

I

S

-

11

DAN-11

Peltigera polydactyla

3.6

11.3 ± 0.2

19.6 ± 0.1

-

I

S

--

12

JOM-1

Lobaria retigera

10

-

-

-

S

S

-

13

JOM -2

Parmotrema thomsonii

10

-

-

Α(8) B (11)

S

S

-

14

JOM -3

Ramalina sp.

10

-

-

-

S

S

-

15

JOM -4

Everniastrum cirrhatum

10

-

-

Β(14)

S

S

-

16

JOM -5

Usnea sp.

10

-

-

Β(10)

S

S

-

17

JOM -6

Peltigera polydactyla

9.2

11.2 ± 0.1

-

-

S

S

-

18

JOM -7

Heterodermia diademata

10

-

-

-

I

S

12

19

JOM -8

Parmotrema tinctorum

10

-

-

Α(11) B(7)

S

S

-

20

JOM -9

Leptogium delavayi

10

-

-

-

W

I

-

21

JOM -10

Parmotrema reticulatum

5.9

-

-

-

S

I

-

22

JOM -11

Parmelina quercina

5.6

-

-

Β(10)

I

S

-

23

JOM -12

Cladonia squamosa

10

-

-

Α(12)B(13)

I

S

-

24

JOM -13

Parmotrema sp.

10

-

-

Α(11)B(7)

S

S

14

25

JOM -14

Heterodermia indica

2.8

-

49.9 ± 2.4

Α(9)B(8)

I

S

11

26

JOM -15

Heterodermia leucomela

3.8

-

47.7 ± 0.5

Α(8)B(9)

I

S

-

27

JOM -16

Leptogium delavayi

0.9

-

47.1 ± 1.8

-

I

W

-

28

CHA-1

Ramalina roesleri

10

-

20.2 ± 0.2

-

I

S

-

29

CHA-2

Parmotrema sp.

10

-

-

-

S

I

-

30

CHA-3

Parmotrema sp.

10

-

-

-

S

S

-

31

CHA-4

Leptogium sp.

0.8

-

-

-

I

S

-

32

CHA-5

Cladonia verticillata

10

-

-

-

I

S

-

33

CHA-6

Usnea sp.

9

-

-

-

S

S

-

34

CHA-7

Lepraria sp.

6.8

-

-

-

S

I

-

35

CHA-8

Peltigera polydactyla

10

5.7 ± 0.02

5.56 ± 0.2

-

I

S

-

36

CHA-9

Lepraria sp.

10

-

-

-

I

W

-

37

GHAN-1

Coccocarpia erythroxyli

3.4

-

-

-

I

I

-

38

GHAN-2

Parmotrema melanothrix

10

-

-

Β(7)

S

S

-

39

GHAN-3

Heterodermia diademata

10

-

-

Β(7)

W

S

-

40

GHAN-4

Parmotrema praesorediosum

10

-

-

Β(9)

I

S

-

41

GHAN-5

Pertusaria leucosora

10

22.4 ± 0.9

44.6 ± 1.0

Β(13)

S

S

-

42

GHAN-6

Cladonia sp.

10

-

-

Β(9)

I

S

-

43

GHAN-7

Heterodermia diademata

10

-

-

-

S

S

-

44

GHAN-8

Heterodermia punctifera

10

43.9 ± 2.1

47.3 ± 0.6

-

S

S

-

45

GHAN-9

Parmotrema sp.

3

22.8 ± 0.9

-

Β(12)

W

S

-

46

GHAN-10

Leptogium delavayi

8.5

-

-

-

W

I

-

47

GHAN-11

Lecidea sp.

10

-

-

Β(12)

S

S

-

48

GHAN-12

Parmelia sp.

10

-

-

Β(9)

S

S

-

49

GHAN-13

Parmotrema sp.

10

19.9 ± 3.0

-

Β(11)

I

S

-

50

GHAN-14

Collema sp.

1.7

-

-

-

I

I

-

51

GHAN-15

Heterodermia microphylla

10

-

23.7 ± 0.1

-

I

S

--

52

GHAN-16

Parmelia meiophora

6.9

-

-

Β(15)

S

S

-

53

GHAN-17

Usnea baileyi

1.8

-

-

-

S

S

-

54

GHAN-18

Heterodermia leucomelos

10

-

-

Α(7)B(7)

I

S

-

55

GHAN-19

Parmotrema sp.

10

-

-

Β(11)

S

S

-

56

GHAN-20

Pannaria complanata

10

-

-

Α(11)B(10)

S

S

-

57

GHAN-21

Hypotrachyna flexilis

10

-

-

Β(9)

I

S

-

58

SAR-1

Heterodermia indica

7.8

21.2 ± 0.3

24.0 ± 0.1

Β(8)

S

S

-

59

SAR-2

Parmotrema reticulatum

10

-

-

Β(9)

S

S

-

60

SAR-3

Heterodermia punctifera

7.83

-

-

-

I

S

-

61

SAR-4

Usnea coralline

9.6

-

-

-

S

S

-

62

SAR-5

Ramalina conduplicate

5.3

-

49.0 ± 2.3

Β(12)

S

S

-

63

SAR-6

Lobaria disecta

10

-

50.7 ± 2.2

Β(7)

W

S

-

64

SAR-7

Parmotrema reticulatum

10

-

-

Β(7)

W

S

-

65

SAR-8

Heterodermia podocarpa

10

-

-

Β(12)

W

S

-

66

SAR-9

Parmelaria thomsonii

10

87.3 ± 7.1

-

Β(10)

W

S

-

67

SAR-10

Everniastrum nepalenses

10

-

-

Β(8)

S

S

-

68

SAR-11

Cladonia coccifera

10

23.5 ± 0.8

-

-

I

S

-

69

SAR-12

Parmotrema reticulatum

5.7

-

53.1 ± 6.9

-

S

S

-

70

SAR-13

Parmotrema sp.

10

47.8 ± 1.3

-

Α(9)

S

S

-

71

SAR-14

Parmelia omphalodes

10

-

-

Α(10)B(11)

I

S

-

72

SAR-15

Parmotrema reticulatum

3.5

49.8 ± 0.1

-

Β(9)

M

S

-

73

SAR-16

Parmotrema sp.

1.5

-

-

Β(8)

S

S

-

74

SAR-17

Heterodermia speciosa

6

-

-

Α(7)

M

S

-

75

SAR-18

Parmotrema sp.

8.6

49.9 ± 0.3

-

-

S

S

-

76

SAR-19

Parmotrema sp.

8.4

-

-

Α(9)

S

S

-

77

SAR-20

Heterodermia microphylla

10

-

-

Α(8)

W

S

-

78

SAR-21

Heterodermia microphylla

7.3

-

-

-

I

I

-

79

SAR-22

Parmelia omphalodes

10

-

-

-

S

S

-

80

SAR-23

Heterodermia microphylla

6.4

-

24.1 ± 0.4

-

W

S

-

81

SAR-24

Heterodermia microphylla

1.2

-

45.8 ± 1.1

Α(9)

I

S

-

82

SAR-25

Cladonia coccifera

0.6

-

47.9 ± 0.2

-

I

S

-

83

SAR-26

Heterodermia speciosa

1.4

-

46.7 ± 1.3

Β(13)

I

S

-

84

SAR-27

Pertusaria sp.

0.4

49.3 ± 2.6

-

Β(12)

I

S

-

  

BHA

 

5.0 ± 0.4

     
  

Ampicillin(10 μg)

   

A(20),B(19)

   
  

Amphotericin B(10 μg)

      

20

  

Berberine chloride (8 μg)

    

W

  
  

Berberine chloride (12 μg)

    

M

  
  

Berberine chloride (16 μg)

    

S

  
  1. aIC50 (50% inhibition in DPPH color) data, A-antibacterial active against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone in mm), B-antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (inhibition zone in mm), S-strong activity (more than 80% death of brine shrimp), M-Moderate(50%–80% of death of brine shrimp), W-Weak (less than 50% of death of brine shrimp), I-inactive (no death at all)
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BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

ISSN: 2662-7671

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