Figure 5

EcEE has synergistic effects with DOX at a therapeutic dose. (A) Cell viability after co-exposure to DOX (2.5 μg/ml) and distinct EcEE concentrations and subsequent 72 h recovery in standard medium. Results are presented as percentage over control, the level of significance in relation to DOX alone is indicated by horizontal brackets, **p < 0.0001 and *p < 0.01. (B) DAPI stained cell after co-exposure to EcEE 25 μg/ml/DOX illustrating the occurrence of (i) micronuclei (arrow head) and pyknotic nuclei (arrow) and (ii) fragmented nuclei (arrows), bar = 5 μm. (C) Percentage fragmented nuclei after exposure to EcEE 25 μg/ml or DOX alone and the combination of both. Total number of cells analyzed is shown in brackets, **p < 0.0001 and *p < 0.03 in relation to EcEE 25 μg/ml or DOX alone.