Table 1 Plant species used in this study and their reported effects
Plant (family); and voucher numbera | Traditional uses | Parts used traditionally | Bioactive or potentially bioactive components | Bioactivities of extracts and/or compounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Amarantus hybridus Linn (Amarantaceae); 15630 HNC | intestinal bleeding, diarrhoea and excessive menstruation [5, 10] | Leaves, seeds | flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides [5] alkaloid, saponin, tannins, phenols, hydrocyanic acid and phytic acid [11, 12] | |
Vernonia calvoana (H.F.) Hook | wounds [14],anticancer [15], fever, stomach ache, diarrhoea, hernia, spleen enlargement [16] | leaves | vernolepin [17, 18], vernomenin [18], flavonoids (quercetin, apigenin, luteolin) [19] | cytotoxic [17], spasmolytic, anti-aggregating and de-aggregating activities, 2 antitumor activity, antimicrobial [20], insecticide [21], antifilarial [22] |
(Asteraceae); 42401/HNC | ||||
Lactuca sativa Linn; (Asteraceae); 25624/SRF.Cam | analgesic, conjunctivitis, tired eyes, Insomnia, sedative [23] insomnia, anxiety, neurosis, dry coughs, rheumatic pain [24] stimulate digestion, enhance appetite and relieve inflammation [25] | leaves | phenolic acids, triterpenoids, saponins, phytol [23], carotenoids [26], flavonoids including kaempherol [19] Lettucenin-A guaianolide sesquiterpenelactones conjugates, lactucin, deoxylactucin and lactucopicrin [27] | antimicrobial [28], antifungal, antibacterial [29], antitumor [30] antioxidating, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory [23] depressant [31] sedative, hypnotic, analgesic and anticonvulsant [32] hypoglycaemic [33] antioxidant l [34, 35], and anxiolytic |
Lactuca capensis Thumb (Asteraceae); 27743 HNC | antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain, chronic join pains [36] | leaves | lactucarium, sesquiterpene lactone [37] | |
Sechium edule (Jacq) SW (Cucurbitaceae); 42459/HNC | urine retention, kidney diseases, arteriosclerosis, hypertension [38] | leaves | C-glycosyl and O-glycosyl, flavones in roots, leaves, stem and fruits [39], ascorbic acid,gibberellins, flavonoids and saponins [38] | diuretic [9], free radical-scavenger and antioxydant [40],antibacterial [41], antihypertensive [42] hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract and its different [43] |
Manihot esculenta Crantz | hypertension, headache and pain, irritable bowel syndrome. fever, headache, aches and pains [44] | leaves | 3-rutinosides of kaempferol and quercetin; the cyanogenic glycosides, lotaustralin and linamarin, from the fresh leaves of cassava [45] | anthelmintic activity of crude extracts antibacterial [46] |
(Euphorbiaceae); 57650/HNC | leaves | |||
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn (Fabaceae); 42587/HNC | osteoporosis prevention, diuretic, eczema, antiglycemic [47] | cloves | ascorbic acid, phenol, alkaloids, sterols, saponins (aqueous extract), carotenoids like lutein, β-carotene, violanthin and neoxanthin, flavonoids [48] including quercetin, kaemferol, catechins, epicatechins and procyanidins | |
Cucurbita pepo Linn (cucurbitaceae); 15630 HNC | intestinal infections and kidney problems (seeds), minor injuries (flowers), anthelmintic, hypertension, erysipelas, enteritis, dyspepsia, stomach disorders, liver disorders like jaundice [50] | leaves | saponin, tannin, quinone, coumarins, flavonoids, sterol, terpenes, [51] lignin, alkaloids, protein and sugar Curbicin [52] anthocyanin, phenols like syringic acid [52], phytin, lecithin, cucurbitane and hexanocucurbitane L-2-O-β-glucopyranoside, Curbicin [52], flavonoids, Vitamins B, C, and E, β-sitostérol | antihypertensive, anti-oxidative activities,Arthritis, reduce the symptoms of BPH [52, 53]. High Cholesterol, anti-parasitic activity in vi-vitro [54], alleviates the detrimental effects associated with protein malnutrition [55], antiparasitic[56], nephron and hepato-protective, vermifuge, inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis [57], antiparasitic, protects gastric mucosal [50] |
Solanum nigrum Linn (Solanaceae); 43000 HNC | pneumonia aching teeth, stomache ache, tonsilitis, tonic,wing worms [14], pain, inflammation and fever. tumor, antioxydant, anti-inflammatory, hepaprotective, diuretic, antipyretic [58] | leaves | kaempferol [19, 59] terpenoids and condensed tannin [60], quercetin, flavonoids [19], polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds including galic acid, catechin, cafeic acid, rutin and naringenin [58] | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anthelmintic activity [60] antinociceptive, antipyretic, antitumor, antiulcerogenic, cancer chemopreventive, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects [61] Mosquito larvicidal [62], antibacterial [63] |
Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae); 10737/SRFcam | wound, male virility [16], insecticide [64], rheumatism, laxative [65] relieve muscle, joint, and toothache pain, to treat cough, asthma, and sore throat, as a stimulant, treat stomach ache, seasickness, and flatulence anciently | fruits | alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols [66, 67] and sterols [67] Capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin, sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamin B2 [65], ortho- hydroxyl- N- benzyl- 16- Methyl-11,14-diene-octadecamide and 9, 12-diene-octadecanoic acid [68], carotenoids, flavonoids and saponins [68, 69] |