Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan

Nazar, Amina; Adnan, Muhammad; Shah, Syed Majid; Bari, Ahmed; Ullah, Riaz; Tariq, Akash; Ahmad, Nisar

doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04462-w

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 3. Ethnopharmacological evidence of the documented antidiabetic medicinal plants of District Karak, Pakistan

From: Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan

In vivo								In vitro
	Plant name/ Family	Part used	Extract	Dosage (mg/Kg)	Route of administration	Model	Phytocompounds	Extract	Enzyme	Concentration(mg/ml)	Inhibition (%)	References
1	Artemisia arborescens L./ Asteraceae	Leaf	Ethyl acetate	250	Oral	Wistar rats	Phenolic, flavonoids, tannin	Ethyl acetate	α-amylase	0.9	58.14	[34]
2	Aloe vera L./ Asphodelaceae	Leaf	leaf pulp (gel together with latex)	10	Intraperitoneally	Female Albino Rats	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycoside, tannins	Methanolic	α-amylase	5	66	[35, 36]
3	Azadirachta indica A.Juss./ Meliaceae	Leaf	Aqueous extract	400	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Flavonoids, xanthine, terpenoids and glycosides	Ethanol	α-amylase	5	63.5	[37, 38]
3	Azadirachta indica A.Juss./ Meliaceae	Leaf	Aqueous extract	400	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Flavonoids, xanthine, terpenoids and glycosides	Ethanol	α-glucosidase	5	66.7	[37, 38]
4	Abelmoschus esculentus Moench./ Malvaceae	Fruit	Crude	120	Intraperitoneally	Rats	Tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids	Ethanol	α-amylase	(0.05-2.5	80.2	[39, 40]
4	Abelmoschus esculentus Moench./ Malvaceae	Fruit	Crude	120	Intraperitoneally	Rats	Tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids	Ethanol	α-glucosidase	(0.05-2.5	93.6	[39, 40]
5	Brassica rapa L./ Brassicaceae	Root	Ethanolic	200	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Flavonoids, alkaloids, and phytosterols	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase	0.5	44.6	[41,42,43]
6	Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand./ Asclepiadaceae	Flower, aerial parts	latex	100 and 400 mg/kg d	Oral	Rats	carboxylic acid, alkenes, and ester	Chloroform	α -amylase	0.2	60	[44, 45]
7	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad./ Cucurbitaceae	Seeds	Aqueous	90	Intraperitoneally	Female Wistar rats	Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenols	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase	0.01	355.5	[46, 47]
		Fruit	Petroleum ether	300&500	Oral	Albino rats	Sugars, fatty acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and essential oils	NA	NA	NA	NA	[48, 19]
8	Cinnamomum sintoc Blum / Lauraceae	Bark	NA	NA		NA	NA	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase	1	83.94	[49]
9	Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.)/ Apocynaceae	Whole plant	Ethyl acetate	25& 500	Oral	Rabbits	Steroids, terpenoids, tannins and amino acids;	NA	NA	NA	NA	[29, 50]
10	Capparis decidua Edgew./ Capparaceae	Stem	Aqueous and Ethanolic	500	Oral	Albino rats	Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols & tannins,	NA	NA	NA	NA	[51]
11	Capsicum baccatum L./ Solanaceae	Fruit	Ethanolic	300	Intraperitoneally	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Oleoresin, phenolic, carotenoids, flavonoids, reducing sugars.	Ethanolic	Ethyl acetate α-amylase	2.5	143.6	[52, 53]
11	Capsicum baccatum L./ Solanaceae	Fruit	Ethanolic	300	Intraperitoneally	Male Sprague-Dawley rats		Ethanolic	Hexane α-glucosidase	2.5	95.6	[52, 53]
12	Carica papaya L./ Caricaeae	Leaf	Ethanolic	100	Intraperitoneally	Wistar mice	Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and saponins.	Methanolic	α-amylase	0.1	25.2	[54]
13	Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl./ Rosaceae	Leaf	Ethanolic	300 mg/kg	Intraperitoneally	Albino rats	Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and carbohydrates	NA	NA	NA	NA	[55]
14	Zygophyllum indicum (Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng/ Zygophyllaceae	Whole plant	Methanolic	150	Intraperitoneally	Rabbits	Saponins, tannins, sterols and triterpenoids, alkaloids	NA	NA	NA	NA	[56, 57]
15	Ficus carica L./ Moraceae	Leaves, Fruit	Dichloromethane	500 & 1000	Intraperitoneally	Male mice	NA	Ethanolic	α-amylase	0.1–0.5	104.6	[58, 59]
15	Ficus carica L./ Moraceae	Leaves, Fruit	Dichloromethane	500 & 1000	Intraperitoneally	Male mice	NA	Ethanolic	α- glucosidase	0.1–0.5	81.6	[58, 59]
16	Hordeum vulgare L./ Poaceae	Grain	Hydro-alcohol	250 & 500	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins and Saponins	NA	NA	NA	NA	[60, 61]
17	Lantana camara L./ Verbanaceae	Fruit	Methanolic	200	Intramuscular injection	Male Albino rats	Carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, and fixed oils.	Methanolic	α-amylase	0.1	33.3	[62]
18	Ligustrum vulgare L. /Oleaceae	Leaf	Aqueous	50-200	Intraperitoneally	Albino rats	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	[63]
19	Mangifera indica L./Anacardiaceae	Leaf	Aqueous	200	Mouth	Albino Rats	Flavonoids, tannins, steroids and terpenoids	Ethanol	α-amylase	0.2	51.4	[64, 65]
20	Momordica charantia L./ Cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Ethanol	110	Intraperitoneally	Male albino rats	Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase	0.1	0.267	[66, 67]
20	Momordica charantia L./ Cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Ethanol	110	Intraperitoneally	Male albino rats	Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins	Ethanolic	α-amylase	0.05	0.298	[66, 67]
21	Moringa oleifera Lam./ Moringaceae	Leaf	Ethanolic	250 & 500	Intraperitoneally	Wistar rats	Flavonoids, tannin, cardiac glycosides alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins,	Ethyl acetate	α-amylase	1	26.3	[68]
22	Melia azedarach L./ Meliaceae	Leaf	Ethanol	100	Intraperitoneally	Albino rats,	Polyphenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase	0.05	72.0	[69, 70]
23	Nigella sativa L./ Ranunculaceae	Seed	Ethanol	48	Intraperitoneally	Male albino rats	NA	Hexane	α-glucosidase	0.1	13.1	[71, 72]
23	Nigella sativa L./ Ranunculaceae	Seed	Ethanol	48	Intraperitoneally	Male albino rats	NA	Hexane	α-amylase	0.2	90.1	[71, 72]
24	Olea capensis L./ Oleaceae	Leaf	aqueous	200	Intraperitoneally	NA	Flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins and polysaccharides	Aqueous	α-glucosidase	3.85	81.34	[73, 74]
25	Opuntia anacantha Speg./ Cactaceae	Fruit	Aqueous	100	Oral	Male Dawley rats	Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and phenols	Hydro-alcoholic	α-amylase	0.5	54.6	[75, 76]
26	Olea europaea L./ Oleaceae	Leaf	Aqueous	100, 250 & 500	Oral	Male adult Wistar rats	Glycosides, flavonoids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids.	Ethanolic	α-amylase	500000	121	[77,78,79]
26	Olea europaea L./ Oleaceae	Leaf	Aqueous	100, 250 & 500	Oral	Male adult Wistar rats	Glycosides, flavonoids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids.	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase	500000	165	[77,78,79]
		Fruit Oil	Phenolic	20	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Phenol, tyrosol, and oxy tyrosol.	Ethanolic	α-amylase	500000	210.5	[80],
		Fruit Oil	Phenolic	20	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Phenol, tyrosol, and oxy tyrosol.	Ethanolic	α-glucosidase e	500000	204.3	[80],
27	Parthenium integrifolium L./ Asteraceae	Flower	Aqueous	100	Oral	Albino rats	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	[81]
28	Psidium guajava L./ Myrtaceae	Leaf	Methanolic	10	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids	Methanolic	α-glucosidase	1.0	89.4	[82, 83]
28	Psidium guajava L./ Myrtaceae	Leaf	Methanolic	10	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids	Methanolic	α-amylase	1.0	96.3	[82, 83]
29	Punica granatum L./ Punicaceae	Peel	Aqueous	430	Intraperitoneally	Male albino rats	Tannins, steroids flavonoids, quinines, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates	Ethanolic and aqueous extract	α-glucosidase	(0.1–1	53.3,65.48	[84, 85]
30	Rhazya stricta Decne./ Apocynaceae	Leaves and fruit	Crude extract	1	Intraperitoneally	Albino rats	Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins	NA	NA	NA	NA	[86]
31	Solanum virginianum L./ Solanaceae	Whole plant	Aqueous	2000	Intraperitoneally	Albino mice	Alkaloids, glycosides, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, and saponins	NA	NA	NA	NA	[87]
32	Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst./ Tamaricaceae	Leaf	Methanolic	400	Intraperitoneally	Male Wistar rats	Flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenoids	Methanolic	α-glucosidase	0.024	67	[88, 89]
33	Trigonella foenum-graecum L./ Fabaceae	Fruit	Ethanolic	200	Oral	Male albino Wister rats	Tannins, phenols, terpenoids	Petroleum ether	α-amylase	1	65.9	[90, 91]
34	Terminalia chebula Retz./ Combretaceae	Seed	Ethanolic	100, 250, & 500	Oral	Male Wister rats	Polyphenols and flavonoids	Ethyl acetate	α-amylase	0.25	64.5	[92]
34	Terminalia chebula Retz./ Combretaceae	Seed	Ethanolic	100, 250, & 500	Oral	Male Wister rats	Polyphenols and flavonoids	Ethyl acetate	α-glucosidase	0.25	52.5	[92]
35	Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal./ Solanaceae	Fruit	Aqueous	250	Intraperitoneal Injection	Male albino Wistar rats	Carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids	Ethanolic	α- glucosidase	0.05	45.4	[78, 93]
36	Ziziphus nummularia Burm.Wight & Arn/ Rhamnaceae	Leaf	Ethanol Aqueous	250 & 500	Oral	Swiss albino Male Wister rats	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, mucilage, tannins, steroids and phenolic compound	Saponin Extract	α-amylase	0.16	88.3	[94, 95]

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