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Table 2 Plants of selected areas used for curing diabetes

From: Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan

Recipes No

Botanical Name, voucher number/deposition number, and Family

Local Name/Habit

Part used

Recipe formulation

Dosage, treatment duration, and toxicity if any

FC

RFC

UV

FL

1

Artemisia arborescens L. BOT-KHS-90/2023-001, Asteraceae

Mashyara/ H

Leaf

2 tablespoons of powder are boiled in 1 cup of water

Take 1 time before breakfast

1

0.003

1

20

375 grams plant soaked in 4 glasses of water in clay pitcher(recipe will continue for 48 days)

One cup of water twice a day

1

0.003

33.33

2

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BOT-KHS-1/2023-001, Asphodelaceae

Zargoy/ H

Leaf

3-4 pieces of gel are eaten

Once a day before breakfast

9

0.026

0.23

43

A mixture of Aloe Vera gel and honey in crude form

1-2 tablespoons after dinner

2

0.006

17

The gel of aloe vera is used in crude form

Take one before the evening

2

0.006

33.33

3

Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.BOT-KHS-20/2023-001, Malvaceae

Bindi/ S

Fruit

Take 4-5 fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus, put in 1 glass of water, and leave for the night. Early morning remove the fruit and drink water

Early morning before breakfast

5

0.014

0.2

83.3

4

Azadirachta indica A.Juss. BOT-KHS-26/2023-001, Meliaceae

Neem/ T

Leaf

Grind the leaves and make juice from the ground leaves

Half a cup before breakfast.

Taking continuously causes increased uric acid

1

0.003

0.3333

25

Take 10-15 leaves of A. indica ground, put them into 1 glass of water, and leave for the night. After straining through a fine cloth.

Half a cup before breakfast

5

0.014

71.4

5

Brassica rapa L. BOT-KHS-91/2023-001, Brassicaceae

Sarsoon/ H

Root

Eaten in salad form

Once a day

1

0.003

1

12.5

6

Buxus wallichiana Baill. BOT-KHS-92/2023-001, Buxaceae

Shamshad/ S

Leaf

To reduce water to 1 liter, add 1 Kg of leaves to 11/2 liters of water and put it on fire to dissolve the leaves

One glass in the early morning before breakfast

4

0.012

0.25

50

7

Capsicum baccatum L. BOT-KHS-93/2023-001, Solanaceae

Mirch/ S

Fruit

3-4 fruits are eaten in crude form

Once a day

1

0.003

1

50

8

Cinnamomum sintoc Blume BOT-KHS-94/2023-001, Lauraceae

Dar cheeni/ T

Bark

Ground into fine powder

One teaspoon is given with tea in the morning and

4

0.012

0.25

57

9

Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. BOT-KHS-28/2023-001, Asclepiadaceae

Spalmuy/ S

Flower

4-5 flowers are eaten

Once a day before breakfast

1

0.003

1

12.5

10

Carica papaya L. BOT-KHS-95/2023-001, Caricaeae

Papaya/ T

Leaf

Put 2 Kg of Carica papaya leaves in 11 liters of water. After putting the water on a fire, the leaves are dissolved, and the water is reduced to 5 liters.

Half a cup is given 1 time in the morning before breakfast

4

0.012

0.333

30.7

Fruit

3 pieces of fruit are eaten

Once a day

2

0.006

10.52

11

Capparis decidua Edgew. BOT-KHS-30/2023-001, Capparaceae

Karira/ T

Stem

Dry and then grind to make fine powder

One teaspoon before breakfast

2

0.006

0.5

22.22

12

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. BOT-KHS-5/2023-001, Cucurbitaceae

Kharthuma/ R

Seed

Dried and grinded

Before breakfast in the morning, take half a tablespoon.

8

0.023

0.061

88.88

  

4 seeds are eaten in crude form

Before breakfast in the early morning

8

0.023

36.36

Fruit

Juice of the fruit is used

One teaspoon after each meal, twice a day

2

0.006

33.33

Fruit is blended in 1 glass of water. Then strained through a fine cloth.

1 glass before breakfast

3

0.009

42.87

13

Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.) KUST.KHS.71/2023-001, Apocynaceae

Pamanai /H

Stem

4-5 pieces of stem are eaten in crude form

Once a day

51

0.147

0.190

94.4

3-4 pieces with a salt crude form

Before going to bed

1

0.003

33.33

14

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.BOT-KHS-96/2023-001, Rosaceae

Lokat/ T

Leaf

Dried and then grinded to make powder

1 tablespoon early in the morning before breakfast.1 tablespoon first thing in the morning, just before breakfast. Taking regularly causes stomach problem

1

0.003

1

14.28

15

Zygophyllum indicum (Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng BOT-KHS-50/2023-001, Zygophyllaceae

Spalagza/H

Whole plant

1 kg of the whole plant is added in 1-liter water, leaves for 12 hrs, and after strained through a fine cloth. In 1 liter of water, 1 kg of the entire plant is added. The leaves are then left for 12 hours before being strained through a fine cloth.

Half a cup in the early morning before breakfast

32

0.029

0.0312

94.11

16

Ficus carica L. BOT-KHS-52/2023-001, Moraceae

Inzar/ T

Fruit

7-8 dry Fruit are eaten

Once a day

4

0.012

0.25

36.36

17

Hordeum vulgare L. BOT-KHS-97/2023-001, Poaceae

Orbasha/ H

Grain

Ground into a fine powder and packed in a capsule

Twice a day before a meal

1

0.003

1

6.66

18

Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f. BOT-KHS-98/2023-001, Asteraceae

Tarisha/ H

Leaf

Dry and then grind to make fine powder

1 teaspoon before breakfast

1

0.003

1

10

19

Lantana camara L. BOT-KHS-99/2023-001, Verbanaceae

Camara/ H

Fuit

Fruits are eaten as salad

Once a day

1

0.003

1

16.66

20

Ligustrum vulgare L. BOT-KHS-100/2023-001, Oleaceae

Amur/ S

Leaf

4-5 leaves are eaten as a salad

Once a day

1

0.003

1

3.70

21

Moringa oleifera Lam. BOT-KHS-101/2023-001, Moringaceae

Moringa/ T

Leaf

Dry and then grind to make a fine powder

One tablespoon is given with tea once a day

3

0.009

0.25

9.67

Leaves shade dried and then ground into fine powder

Half a teaspoon two times before a meal with a little gur

9

0.026

28.12

22

Momordica charantia L. BOT-KHS-59 /2023-001, Cucurbitaceae

Karela/ C

Fruit

After blending one fruit with one glass of water, the mixture is filtered using a fine cloth.

1 cup a day before breakfast

8

0.023

0.0983

23.52

4 cups of water are used to mix the fruits, which are then strained through a fine cloth.

A half cup is given twice a day before the meal.

9

0.026

39.13

1 fruit is eaten as a salad

Once a day before breakfast

38

0.11

90.43

Fruits are ground in 1 cup of water

Once a day before breakfast

3

0.009

 

27.27

Dry and then grinded

One teaspoon before breakfast

2

0.006

14.28

Fruits are blended in 3 cups of water after being strained through a fine cloth.

Half a cup is given three times a day, If taken continuously, it causes increased heartbeat

1

0.003

4.76

23

Melia azedarach L. BOT-KHS-8/2023-001, Meliaceae

Bakanra/ T

Leaf

An approximate number of leaves are boiled in 1 glass of water

Every morning, before breakfast

1

0.003

1

11.11

24

Mangifera indica L. BOT-KHS-102/2023-001, Anacardiaceae

Aam/ T

Leaf

Take some leaves and put them into 2 cups of water. Heat until one cup of water is left

One cup before breakfast

5

0.014

0.2

41.66

25

Nigella sativa L. BOT-KHS-62/2023-001, Ranunculaceae

Kalonji/ H

Seed

Take 2 spoon seeds, put them in 1 glass of water, and leave overnight

Take it early in the morning

1

0.003

0.666

5.55

Grind into fine powder

Half a teaspoon of water 2 times after the meal

2

0.006

16.66

26

Olea europaea L.BOT-KHS-65/2023-001, Oleaceae

Zaitoon/ T

Fruit

Soak fruits of Olea in water for a night

4-5 fruit are eaten before breakfast

4

0.012

0.357

21.05

Fruit oil

Two spoons of olive oil are mixed in one glass of milk

Take early morning

5

0.014

23.80

Leaf

7-8 leaves are chewed in fresh form

Once a day

3

0.009

 

13.04

Leaf

Grind the leaves with water to make juice

Morning 2-3 spoons of juice in one glass of water

1

0.003

5.55

Bark

5 kg bark is boiled in 15 liters of water. By boiling the water and dissolved bark, reduce the volume to 5 liters

2 spoons before breakfast

1

0.003

9.09

27

Opuntia anacantha Speg.BOT-KHS-103/2023-001, Cactaceae

Zakoom/ S

Fruit

4-5 Fruits are eaten in crude form

Once a day

5

0.014

0.2

15.62

28

Olea capensis L.BOT-KHS-104/2023-001, Oleaceae

Shown/ T

Fruit

10-15 fruits are eaten in crude form

Once a day

4

0.012

0.428

40

Bark

1kg bark is boiled in 5 liters of water reducing the water content to 4 liters

2 spoons once a day before breakfast

1

0.003

11.11

Leaf

4 to 5 leaves are boiled in 1 ½ cup and reduced to 1 cup

One time before breakfast

2

0.006

33.33

29

Psidium guajava L. BOT-KHS-73/2023-001, Myrtaceae

Amrood/ T

Leaf

250 gm leaves are put in 4-glass water. By boiling reduce it to 2 glasses

1 glass once a day before breakfast

9

0.026

0.1111

34.61

30

Punica granatum L. BOT-KHS-105/2023-001, Punicaceae

Anar/ T

Peel

Dry and then grinded into fine powder

1 tablespoon before breakfast

1

0.003

1

12.5

31

Parthenium integrifolium L.BOT-KHS-106/2023-001, Asteraceae

Lewany bhangy/ H

Flower

5 flowers are eaten in fresh form

Once before breakfast

4

0.012

0.25

30.76

32

Rhazya stricta Decne. BOT-KHS-74/2023-001, Apocynaceae

Gandaria/ S

Pod

Dry and then grinded

One tablespoon a day

3

0.009

0.333

27.27

33

Solanum virginianum L.BOT-KHS-107/2023-001, Solanaceae

Tarha Martha/ H

Seed

Dry and then make fine powder

One tablespoon once a day before breakfast

3

0.009

0.333

15

34

Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. BOT-KHS-83/2023-00, Tamaricaceae

Ghaz/ T

Leaf

Take 3 kg leaves in10 liters of water and leave for 24 hrs. boiled until reduced to one cup of tea

Put three drops of a recipe into one cup and drink before breakfast

1

0.003

1

6.25

35

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. BOT-KHS-84/2023-001, Fabaceae

Shamrita/H

Seed

One cup of water and a tablespoon of powder are combined and then left overnight

Take 2 time

2

0.006

0.6666

9.09

Grinded and to make fine powder

1 teaspoon before breakfast

1

0.003

10

36

Terminalia chebula Retz. BOT-KHS-108/2023-001, Combretaceae

Hareer/ T

Fruit

Dry and then grinded into fine powder

One teaspoon before breakfast

1

0.003

1

12.5

37

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. BOT-KHS-87/2023-001, Solanaceae

Shapyanga/ H

Fruit

Soaked 5 seeds in 1 glass of water, and left overnight. Remove the water and the seeds are eaten

One early morning

27

0.078

0.0681

87.09

Leaf

The leaf is grinded to make powder fine powder

One teaspoon before breakfast

2

0.006

13.33

Extract the juice from the leaves

One cup in the early morning before breakfast

15

0.043

53.57

38

Ziziphus nummularia Burm. Wight & Arn BOT-KHS-109/2023-001, Rhamnaceae

Bera/ T

Leaf

Grind some leaves, and put in 1 glass of water. Boiled to reduce half-glass

Once a day before breakfast

4

0.012

0.2

22.22

7-8 leaves are eaten

once a day

6

0.017

66.66