Evaluation of Lippia scaberrima Sond. and Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren extracts on human CYP enzymes and gold nanoparticle synthesis: implications for drug metabolism and cytotoxicity

Kok, Anna-Mari; Juvonen, Risto; Pasanen, Markku; Mandiwana, Vusani; Kalombo, Michel Lonji; Ray, Suprakas Sinha; Rikhotso-Mbungela, Rirhandzu; Lall, Namrita

doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04439-9

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 1 The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of the essential oil of L. scaberrima, the ethanolic extract of L. scaberrima and their combinations with fermented and unfermented A. linearis against various human recombinant CYP enzymes or liver microsomal catalyzed reactions

From: Evaluation of Lippia scaberrima Sond. and Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren extracts on human CYP enzymes and gold nanoparticle synthesis: implications for drug metabolism and cytotoxicity

CYP enzyme	Substrate	Recombinant IC₅₀^a (mg/L) with 95% confidence intervals	Microsomal IC₅₀ (mg/L) with 95% confidence intervals	Sample	PRU
CYP1A1	TFD024	N/A^b	0.40 (0.31–0.51)	L. scaberrima ethanolic extract
CYP1A2	OCA349	4.10 (2.82–5.95)	4.26 (0.32–8.20)
CYP1B1	TFD008_1	0.07 (0.06–0.07)	No inhibition^c
CYP2A6	coumarin	22.9 (15.4–34.69)	18.37 (9.15–27.6)		119,010
CYP2C19	TFD032	4.19 (2.90–5.48)	No inhibition
CYP2D6	TFD023	7.65 (4.93–12)	44.93 (34.87–58.44)
CYP3A4	OCA369	0.41 (0.04–16.28)	25.81 (19.36–32.27)
CYP1A1	TFD024	N/A	0.49 (0.30–0.80)	L. scaberrima extract with unfermented A. linearis
CYP1A2	OCA349	1.62 (0.86–2.95)	0.21 (0.09–0.34)
CYP1B1	TFD008_1	0.21 (0.17–0.24)	Stimulation^d
CYP2A6	coumarin	14.08 (9.47–20.47)	7.66 (6.15–9.17)
CYP2C19	TFD032	8.79 (4.75–15.58)	Stimulation		N/A
CYP2D6	TFD023	4.19 (3.10–5.73)	6.17 (3.67–8.67)
CYP3A4	OCA369	No inhibition	3.04 (0.79–5.28)
CYP1A1	TFD024	N/A	0.40 (0.39–0.48)	L. scaberrima extract with fermented A. linearis
CYP1A2	OCA349	2.5 (1.57–3.89)	2.22 (-0.62–5.05)
CYP1B1	TFD008_1	0.25 (0.19–0.32)	No inhibition
CYP2A6	coumarin	10.16 (6.84–15.15)	12.37 (10.39–14.35)		N/A
CYP2C19	TFD032	6.96 (3.48–10.44)	2.36 (-1.16–5.83)
CYP2D6	TFD023	6.96 (4.34–11.05)	18.98 (12.87–25.09)
CYP3A4	OCA369	No inhibition	12.96 (10.79–15.13)
CYP1A1	TFD024	N/A	No inhibition	L. scaberrima essential oil from leaves and aerial parts
CYP1A2	OCA349	3.91 (3.51–4.32)	7.65 (-9.90–25.19)
CYP1B1	TFD008_1	5.93 (0.97–10.90)	1.17 (0.64–1.70)
CYP2A6	coumarin	0.71 (0.45–0.97)	1.40 (0.87–1.92)		N/A
CYP2C19	TFD032	0.04 (0.01–0.08)	No inhibition
CYP2D6	TFD023	2.66 (0.80–4.46)	6.43 (2.30–10.56)
CYP3A4	OCA369	No inhibition	15.85 (3.19–28.51)

^a50% inhibition concentration (the concentration at which the sample reduced the metabolism of the CYP substrate by 50%) of recombinant CYP enzymes, placental and liver microsomes
^bNo recombinant CYP1A1 available, CYP1A1 is only available within placental microsomes of tobacco smoking mothers
^cNo inhibition of CYP enzyme at the various concentrations tested
^dStimulation of CYP enzyme at the various concentrations tested. The IC₅₀ values and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined from the appropriate dose response curves

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ISSN: 2662-7671

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