Vitamin/mineral | ULa | % > ULa(95% CI) | LOAELb | % > LOAELb(95% CI) | Effect at the LOAELb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamins and Minerals with ULs a and LOAELs b | |||||
Vitamin B3 or niacin - mg | 35c | 28 (19 to 38) | 50 | 19 (11 to 28) | Vasodilation causing flushing of the skin |
Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine - mg | 100 | 8 (4 to 16) | -- | -- | -- |
Vitamin B9 or folate - mcg | 1000c | 17 (10 to 25) | 5000 | 0% | Precipitate or exacerbate neuropathy in vitamin B12 deficient individuals |
Vitamin Dd – mcg and Vitamin Ed - mg | D: 100; E: 1000e | 3 (1 to 9) | D: 50; E: 39,545 and 18,000f | 0% | Vitamin D: Hypercalcemia. Vitamin E: Increased tendency to hemorrhage seen in rats |
Calcium - mg | 2500 | 6 (2 to 13) | 5000 | 0% | Hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency |
Iron - mg | 45 | 7 (3 to 14) | -- | -- | -- |
Magnesium - mg | 350c; g | 6 (2 to 13) | 360 | 6 (2 to 13) | Diarrhea |
Zinc - mg | 40Â mg | 6 (2 to 13) | -- | -- | -- |
Manganesed - mg | 11Â mg | 8 (4 to 16) | -- | -- | -- |
Vitamins and Minerals (without ULs a and LOAELs b ) | |||||
Product names | % (95% CI) | Adverse Events Reported in the Literature h | |||
Pantothenic acid, vitamin B5, pantethine, pantothenol, or D-pantothenate and Potassiumi | 37 (28 to 49) | Forms of pantothenic acid: Diarrhea seen with 10 to 20 grams/day of calcium D-pantothenate [28]. Case report of eosinophilic pleuropericardial effusion in an elderly woman taking 10Â mg of biotin and 300Â mg of pantothenic acid daily for two months [29]. Nausea and heartburn, have been reported with pantethine [30] | |||
Potassium: Supplementation of potassium only is generally prescribed to treat hypokalemia while preventing hyperkalemia and medication interactions. Mild effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea [28] |