From: Pregnancy outcome after use of cranberry in pregnancy – the Norwegian mother and child cohort study
No exposure to cranberry and UTI (n = 60,846) | Exposed to cranberry, UTI and antibiotics against UTI during pregnancy (n = 254) | Exposed to cranberry, UTI and no antibiotics against UTI during pregnancy (n = 300) | ||||||||
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Outcome | Total (%) | No. (%) | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | No. (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | No. (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Stillbirth/neonatal death a | 323 (0.5) | 293 (0.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 1 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.1–5.8) | 0.8 (0.1–6.2)g | 3 (1.0) | 2.1 (0.7–6.5) | 2.2 (0.7–6.6)g |
Preterm birth b | 3,535 (5.2) | 3,124 (5.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 15 (6.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9)h | 19 (6.4) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0)h |
Low birth weight c | 2,182 (3.2) | 1,934 (3.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 3 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5)g | 7 (2.4) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0)g |
Small for gestational age d | 4,281 (6.2) | 3,784 (6.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 11 (4.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1)i | 30 (10.0) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1)i |
Low Apgar score e | 898 (1.3) | 792 (1.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 5 (2.0) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | 1.5 (0.6–3.8)g | 7 (2.3) | 1.8 (0.9–3.8) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4)g |
Neonatal infections f | 870 (1.3) | 770 (1.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 3 (1.2) | 0.9 (0.3–2.9) | 0.8 (0.3–2.7)j | 7 (2.3) | 1.9 (0.9–4.0) | 1.8 (0.9–3.9)j |