The effects of Berberis vulgaris consumption on plasma levels of IGF-1, IGFBPs, PPAR-γ and the expression of angiogenic genes in women with benign breast disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Table 2 Serum level of growth factors and relative expression levels of the genes at baseline of study and 8 weeks after the intervention in women with BBT who received BV supplementation (BV group) versus placebo juice consumers

		Baseline (n = 80)				8-weeks follow-up (n = 80)			Absolute treatment effect			Relative treatment effects
Variable	n	Mean	S.D.	P^a	n	Mean	S.D.	P^a	Mean	95%CI	P^c
IGF-1^d(ng/ml)
Control	40	187.8	94.6	N/A	40	105.0	57.1	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
BV	40	193.1	93.2	0.80	40	87.6	44.3	0.13^b*	−6.0	[(−32.4)-20.3]	0.411	0.84
IGFBP1^e(ng/ml)
Control	40	7.8	9.8	N/A	40	11.2	11.5	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
BV	40	5.9	5.8	0.30	40	9.5	13.3	0.55	−1.7	[(−5.12)-1.57]	0.295	1.03
IGFBP3^f(ng/ml)
Control	40	3454.3	937.8	N/A	38	1942.5	955.1	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
BV	40	3514.9	1127.7	0.79	40	2016.2	1215.7	0.76^*	111.1	[(− 260)-480]	0.553	1.02
Relative gene expressions	n	Mean ^g	S.E.M.	P^a	n	Mean	S.E.M.	P^a	Mean	95%CI	P^c
PPAR-gamma
Control	26	8.03	3.62	N/A	34	5.08	1.42	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A^**
BV	33	0.72	0.37	0.05	33	4.27	3.58	0.83	−4.0	[(−10.74)-2.68]	0.233	N/A
Hif-1α
Control	26	1.89	0.67	N/A	34	1.10	0.41	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
BV	27	1.41	0.47	0.56	23	0.54	0.19	0.23	−0.46	[(−1.80)-0.88]	0.495	N/A
VEGF
Control	28	0.46	0.25	N/A	34	4.54	0.63	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
BV	37	5.85	2.87	0.07	23	1.90	0.62	0.68	3.52	[(−0.62)-7.66]	0.094	N/A

All data are expressed in geometric mean ± standard deviation (S.D.) and also mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). N/A: not applied to this model. The number of samples (n) was accompanied with some missings in evaluation the relative expression levels (2**ΔCt) because of extra Cts (> 40)
^a Independent sample t-test was performed between group
^b Paired t-test was performed to compare within changes in intervention group during the study. ^* Statistical significant difference in within group analysis. ^**Variations caused not to calculate the relative treatment effects.^c Repeated measure of ANOVA was carried out in the main effect of model.^d Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (Log. transformed data was used in analysis).^e Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1. ^f Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. ^g Data are expressed based on the values analyzed in independent-sample t-test.^f Relative expression levels was calculated based on 2 ^(−ΔCt). ^h Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. ⁱ Hypoxia-inducible factors. ^j Vascular edothelial growth factor

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