Study ID | anesthesia type | Surgery type | Number of patients (A/C) | Stimulation style | Points used in the real acupuncture treatment | Sham/control | Duration | time select |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peri-incisional stimulation | ||||||||
Binder et al. (2011) [23] | EDA | cesarean section | 22/20 | Hi-TENS | Incision: 2–3 cm distance from the wound | Non treatment | 24 h*1 day | Post-surgery:immediately after surgery, at least 24 h/one day |
Bjersa and Andersson(2014) [50] | GA | pancreas resection | 9/11 | High frequency TENS | Incision:cranial of the incision, sacral of the incision, and columna innervating the dermatome for Th5 to Th9 | ‘increase stimulation until first sensitivity occurs and keep the stimulation as low as possible | At least 30 min, as much as possible | Post-surgery:two to four hours prior to epidural anlgesia ended |
Smith et al. (1986) [30] | GA | caesarean section | 9/9 | TENS | Incision:the incision site | No electrical current was applied | 3 days, with the stimulator being turned off only occasionally, for short intervals (less than 15 min), | Post-surgery:As soon as the patient’s admission to the recovery room |
Rakel et al. (2003) [31] | GA | abdominal surgery | 32/32 | TENS | Incision:parallel to the incision, | No stimulation | No reported | Post-surgery: After surgery,details |
Hamza et al. (1999) [32] | GA | gynecologic surgery | 25/25 | TENS | Incision:surgical incision | No electrical current was applied | 30 min, every 2 h | Post-surgery::in the postanesthesia care unit for 30 min at intervals of 2 h or longer |
Jaafarpour et al. (2008) [25] | SA | ceserean section | 54/54 | TENS | Incision: paraspinus muscles at T10-L1, and S2–4. 5 cm above and below the surgical incision, | Non-acu | continuously used for first 24 h except temporary breaks for walking, | Post-surgery: After surgery |
Galloway et al. (1984) [36] | GA | Cholecystectomy with or without choledochotomy | 14/14 | tes | Incision:details | Nonsegmental TES | Not reported | Post-surgery: In the recovery room |
Kayman-Kose et al. (2014) [24] | GA | cesarean section | 50/50 | TENS | Incision:above and below the incision line in women | no electrical current was transmitted in the placebo group | Not reported | Post-surgery: 30 min after childbirth was completed. |
Gary et al. (1993) [33] | GA | gynecological operations. | 17/13 | TENS | Incision:2 cm away from and parallel to the incision | No current applied | 24 h, and 20 min on days 2 and 3 | Post-surgery: first 24 h after the operation. |
Hershman et al. (1989) [37] | GA | cholecystectomy or colorectal surgery | 23/22 | TENS | Incision: | Non-functioning batteries | Not reported | Post-surgery: until the end of the second post-operative day, |
Lim et al. (1983) [51] | GA | upper abdominal surgery | 15/15 | TENS | Incision:1 cm away from the incision | Reversed batteries | Not reported | Post-surgery: After surgery, the stimulator was turned on in the recovery room |
Sodipo et al. (1980) [52] | GA | upper abdominal surgery | 15/15 | TENS | Incision:2 cm away from the incision | Non-acu | Not reported | Post-surgery: post operation, details |
Conn et al.(1986) [39] | GA | Appendectomy | 15/13 | TENS | Incision:either side of the wound | The machine was switched off | Not reported | Post-surgery: At the end of the procedure |
Hargreaves et al. (1989) [53] | Not mentioned | abdominal surgery | 25/25 | TENS | Incision: NR | No stimulation | Maybe 2 days | Post-surgery:depended on both time of return from surgery and time of dressing change. |
Dougal T et al. (1991) [38] | GA | Cholestectomy | 15/15 | TENS | Incision:each side of incision | Non-acu | Not reported | Post-surgery: in recovery room |
CUSCHIERI et al. (1985) [54] | GA | abdominal surgery | 53/53 | TENS | Incision:bilaterly in the paravertebral area;electroacupuncture: | The batteries are reversed | 30 min | Post-surgery: In the recovery room |
Bjersa et al. (2015) [43] | EDA | COLON SURGERY | 15/13 | TENS | Incision:bilaterally of the incision,and columna innervating Th10 to L1 | “increase stimulation until first sensitivity occurs and keep the stimulation as low as possible” | no time limitations | Post-surgery: 1 h prior to EDA termination |
Distal acupoint stimulation | ||||||||
Hui et al. (2002) [20] | EDA | caesarean section | 20/20 | EA | Distal:Zusanli, Sanyinjiao | Non-acu | 30 min | Combined: pre-operation and 4 h or 8 h after surgery |
Baoguo et al. (1997) [44] | GA | lower abdominal surgery | 25/25 | EA | Distal:hegu | No electrical current was applied | 30 min, every 2 h | Post-surgery::After surgery,details |
He et al. (2007) [41] | GA | radical operation of intestinal cancer | 30/30 | EA | Distal:scalp | Non-acu | until the end of surgery | Pre-surgery: 20 min before surgery |
Chen et al. (1998) [27] | GA | hysterectomy or myomectomy | 25/25 | EA | Distal:Zusanli | Nonacupoint and no-current | every 2–3 h | Post-surgery:On arrival in the PACU, |
Lin et al.(2002) [45] | GA | lower abdominal surgery | 25/25 | EA | Distal:Zusanli, | with the indicator light on but with no actual current | 20 min | Pre-surgery: 20 min prior to anesthesia. |
Feng et al.(2013) [28] | EDA | Gynecological surgery | 20/20 | EA | Distal:Zusanli, Sanyinjiao | Non-acu | Not reported | Pre-surgery:details |
Feng et al.(2010) [29] | EDA | Gynecological surgery | 20/20 | EA | Distal:Zusanli, Sanyinjiao | Non-acu | Not reported | Pre-surgery: Before surgery |
Adib-Hajbaghery et al. (2013) [40] | GA | appendectomy | 35/35 | Acupressure | Distal:Le7 | the button placed right in opposite side of the Le7 point (as sham point) | 1 h | Post-surgery: After surgery, started after the full patient’s consciousness |
Kim et al.(2006) [35] | GA | Abdominal hysterectomy | 30/30 | Capsicum Plaster | Distal:Zusanli | inactive tape (5 _ 5 mm2) without PAS was applied to the Zusanli point of both legs. | 8 h per day/3 days | Combined: before induction of anesthesia |
Hsiung et al.(2015) [42] | GA | subtotal gastrectomy | 26/28 | Acupressure | Distal:Neiguan (P6) and Zusanli (ST36) | Non-acu | Three12-min | Post-surgery:consecutive days following surgery. |
Ntritsou et al. (2014) [46] | GA | radical prostatectomy | 35/35 | EA | Distal:LI4,ST36 | No current was applied | 30 min | Post-surgery: when the closure of the abdominal walls was initiated |
Lee et al.(2011) [47] | GA | hysterectomy | 13/12 | EA | Distal:Zusanli (ST36) | no stimulation | 30 min | combined: before general anesthesia, and initiated once regained consciousness |
Kotani et al.(2001) [48] | GA | elective upper and lower abdominal surgery | 50/48 | Acupuncture | Distal:BL18 –BL24 or BL20 –BL26 | a needle was positioned at each acupoint | 4 days | Combined: Before induction of anesthesia, |
Wu et al. (2009) | SA | cesarean section | 20/20 | EA | Distal:Sanyinjiao(Sp6) | Non-acu | 30 min | Post-surgery: In the recovery room |
Li et al. (2012) [22] | CESA | cesarean section | 60/60 | EA | Distal:auricular Shenmen point(TF4) | No current applied | 30 min | Combined: before surgery and 3 h, 8 h after surgery |
Masatomo et al. (2003) [49] | GA | abdominal surgery. | 23/30 | Acupressure | Distal:neiguan, Zusanli, Sanyinjiao, and Gongsunpoints | Non-acu | Not | Post-surgery: On completion of surgery |
Tsang et al.(2011) [34] | GA | total abdominal hysterectomy | 16/16 | auricular acupuncture | Distal: “uterus”“abdomen”“sympathetic” “shenmen” and“subcortex” | The sham TENS group received auricular TENS delivered to the following five inappropriate points: “teeth,” “tongue,” “mandible,” “eye,” and “face” | 20 min | Post-surgery: after surgery, |
Combined distal and peri-incisional stimulation | ||||||||
Sim et al. (2002) [26] | GA | gynaecologic lower abdominal surgery | 30/30 | EA | Distal:ST36 and PC6 bilaterally and subcutaneously along the skin incision. | No electrical current was applied. | 45 min | Post-surgery:group1\2:45 min before induction of anesthesia (GA)Group 3–45 min of postoperative |