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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants who were exposed and non-exposed to the music listening sessions (n = 152)

From: Decreased risk of falls in patients attending music sessions on an acute geriatric ward: results from a retrospective cohort study

 

Total population (n = 152)

Music listening sessions

P-Valuea

Effect size (Cohen’s d)

Exposed group (n = 61)

Non-exposed group (n = 91)

Age, mean ± SD (years)

85.7 ± 6.4

85.7 ± 6.6

85.8 ± 6.3

0.915

0.018

Female, n (%)

134 (88.2)

53 (86.9)

81 (89.0)

0.691

 

Living situation homeb, n (%)

111 (73.0)

45 (73.8)

66 (72.5)

0.866

 

Reason for admission, n (%)

 Mobility disordersc

125 (82.2)

47 (77.0)

78 (85.7)

0.376

 

 Neuropsychiatric disordersd

18 (11.8)

9 (14.8)

9 (9.9)

 Organ failuree

9 (5.9)

5 (8.2)

4 (4.4)

Season of admission, n (%)

 Winter

54 (35.5)

22 (36.1)

32 (35.2)

0.999

 

 Spring

18 (11.8)

7 (11.5)

11 (12.1)

 Summer

20 (13.2)

8 (13.1)

12 (13.2)

 Autumn

60 (39.5)

24 (39.3)

36 (39.6)

MMSE score, mean ± SD (/30)

21.5 ± 5.6

21.5 ± 6.0

21.6 ± 5.4

0.951

0.011

Therapeutic classes daily taken

 Mean ± SD upon admission

8.2 ± 4.2

8.6 ± 4.3

7.9 ± 4.1

0.270

0.187

 Mean ± SD discharge

9.2 ± 4.2

9.7 ± 4.5

9.0 ± 4.0

0.326

0.172

 Variationf (%)

14.7 ± 37.9

11.2 ± 24.4

17.1 ± 44.8

0.350

0.015

Use of psychoactive drugsg, n (%)

 Upon admission

64 (42.1)

30 (49.2)

34 (37.4)

0.148

0.213

 Discharge

61 (40.1)

29 (47.5)

32 (35.2)

0.127

0.177

Length of stayh, mean ± SD (days)

13.3 ± 6.8

14.8 ± 7.5

12.2 ± 6.1

0.019

0.200

  1. SD standard deviation
  2. MMSE Mini Mental Status examination
  3. aComparison between exposed group and non-exposed group based on unpaired t-test or Chi-square test, as appropriate; significant p values (i.e.; ≤0.05) in bold
  4. bVersus institution
  5. cDefined as gait and/or balance disorders and/or falls (unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor, or other lower level)
  6. dDefined as neurocognitive disorder (dementia), delirium or behavioural disorders
  7. eDefined as congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease or cirrhosis
  8. fBased on the formula: ((discharge - upon admission) / ((discharge + upon admission)/2)) × 100
  9. gAntidepressants, benzodiazepines or neuroleptics
  10. hNumber of days between the first day of admission to the geriatric ward and the last day of hospitalization on the same geriatric ward, determined from the administrative registry of St. Mary’s Hospital Center