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Table 2 Cox model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of fracture associated with TCM and covariates among osteoporosis patients

From: Decreased fracture incidence with traditional Chinese medicine therapy in patients with osteoporosis: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Variable

Fracture no. (n = 323)

Crude*

Adjusted

HR

(95%CI)

p-value

HR

(95%CI)

p-value

TCM use

 No

193

1.00

reference

 

1.00

reference

 

 Yes

130

0.50

(0.4–0.63)

<.0001

0.47

(0.37–0.59)

<.0001

Gender

 Female

266

1.00

reference

 

1.00

reference

 

 Male

57

0.78

(0.59–1.04)

0.0939

0.58

(0.43–0.79)

0.0004

Age group, year

 < 65

107

1.00

reference

 

1.00

reference

 

 ≥ 65

216

2.28

(1.81–2.87)

<.0001

2.62

(2.03–3.39)

<.0001

Urbanization level

 1 (highest)

73

1.00

reference

 

1.00

reference

 

 2

94

1.28

(0.94–1.73)

0.1173

1.24

(0.91–1.69)

0.1665

 3

52

1.46

(1.02–2.08)

0.0372

1.43

(0.99–2.05)

0.0534

 4 (lowest)

104

1.54

(1.14–2.07)

0.0049

1.31

(0.97–1.77)

0.0824

Baseline comorbidity

 Alcohol-related disease (Yes vs. No)

4

5.20

(1.94–13.96)

0.0011

4.38

(1.6–12.02)

0.0041

 Cancer (Yes vs. No)

9

0.83

(0.43–1.61)

0.5758

0.70

(0.36–1.37)

0.2979

 Cardiovascular disease (Yes vs. No)

139

1.38

(1.1–1.71)

0.0046

1.07

(0.83–1.38)

0.5856

 Chronic kidney disease (Yes vs. No)

9

1.22

(0.63–2.36)

0.5608

1.05

(0.53–2.07)

0.8909

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary (Yes vs. No)disease

92

1.25

(0.98–1.59)

0.0759

1.20

(0.93–1.54)

0.1688

 Diabetes mellitus (Yes vs. No)

87

1.20

(0.94–1.54)

0.1442

1.11

(0.85–1.44)

0.4518

 Dementia (Yes vs. No)

6

1.62

(0.72–3.64)

0.2432

1.00

(0.43–2.29)

0.9909

 Depression (Yes vs. No)

25

1.41

(0.94–2.12)

0.0972

1.62

(1.05–2.5)

0.0285

 Hyperlipidemia (Yes vs. No)

62

0.79

(0.6–1.04)

0.0922

0.73

(0.54–0.98)

0.0352

 Hypertension (Yes vs. No)

186

1.28

(1.03–1.59)

0.0292

0.92

(0.72–1.19)

0.5362

 Parkinson’s disease (Yes vs. No)

5

1.25

(0.52–3.02)

0.6248

0.92

(0.37–2.27)

0.8498

  1. Crude HR* represented relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR represented adjusted hazard ratio: mutually adjusted for TCM use, age, gender, urbanization level and baseline comorbidity in Cox proportional hazard regression