Table 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters (PK) of warfarin alone (0.5 mg/kg) or in combination with the investigated natural products and their quality markers

C_max (ng/ml)

3670 ± 663

4218 ± 843

4981 ± 1363*

6962 ± 2358**

5428 ± 1110**

T_max (h)

6 ± 8

3 ± 1.58

3 ± 1.58

11 ± 6

5 ± 4

AUC.inf (h*ng/ml)

106,613 ± 30,987

99,457 ± 43,116

131,661 ± 57,014

252,566 ± 51899**

115,904 ± 24,544

K_el (ml/h)

0.044 ± 0.01

0.035 ± 0.008

0.046 ± 0.01

0.044 ± 0.01

0.039 ± 0.006

t_0.5 (h)

17 ± 4

21 ± 5

16 ± 4.6

17 ± 5

18 ± 3

MRT (h)

25 ± 5

25 ± 7.7

23 ± 6.5

30 ± 6

22 ± 6

CL/F (ml/h)

1.45 ± 0.5

1.54 ± 0.5

1.17 ± 0.4

0.61 ± 0.17**

1.14 ± 0.32

V_z/F (ml)

35 ± 15

45 ± 11.4

26 ± 6.8

15 ± 5**

30 ± 8

AUMC-inf.(h*h*ng/m)

2,760,227 ± 1,140,965

2,762,909 ± 2,177,721

3,363,635 ± 2,416,054

7,630,361 ± 1894405**

2,594,574 ± 1,058,762

%Change in C_max

–

15

36*

90**

48**

%Change in AUC.inf

–

− 7

23

137**

9

%Change in CL

–

6

−19

−58**

−21

%Change in V_z

–

29

−26

−57**

−14