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Table 2 Prothrombin time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) measurements of different rat groups treated with the natural products and their quality markers alone or in combination with warfarin

From: Critical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-herb interactions in rats between warfarin and pomegranate peel or guava leaves extracts

Treatment

Test

 

PT (s)

INR

Negative control

17.3 ± 0.53

1.0 ± 0.04

WF

191 ± 12

19 ± 1**

PPE

21.5 ± 1.2#

1.3 ± 0.09#

WF + PPE

360 ± 36.9**

42 ± 5.3**

EA

23 ± 1.31#

1.43 ± 0.10#

WF + EA

414 ± 139**

51 ± 19**

GvL

23.3 ± 1.04#

1.44 ± 0.08#

WF + GvL

425 ± 57**

52 ± 8.4**

QUE

22.5 ± 1.20#

1.39 ± 0.09#

WF + QUE

448 ± 79**

55 ± 11**

  1. Each data point represents the mean ± SD (n = 8). **p < 0.01 (in comparison with warfarin alone). # p < 0.01 (in comparison with the negative control)