Fig. 1

Effect of Panchvalkal formulation (PF) on various traits of P. aeruginosa, in vitro. a. Effect of PF on growth and QS-regulated pigment production in P. aeruginosa. b. PF enhances susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to lysis in presence of human serum. c. Effect of PF (750 μg/mL) on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation, eradication, and viability. d. P. aeruginosa challenged with PF (500 μg/mL) and antibiotic together. e. P. aeruginosa challenged with PF (750 μg/mL) and antibiotic together. f. P. aeruginosa challenged with antibiotic following pre-treatment with PF. g. Effect of PF on P. aeruginosa growth, pyoverdine unit, and pyocyanin unit remained unaltered after repeated exposure to PF. Bacterial growth was measured as OD₇₆₄; OD of pyoverdine was measured at 405 nm, and Pyoverdine Unit was calculated as the ratio OD₄₀₅/OD₇₆₄ (an indication of pyoverdine production per unit of growth), Pyocyanin Unit was calculated as the ratio OD₅₂₀/OD₇₆₄ (an indication of pyocyanin production per unit of growth); ‘Control’ in this figure is the ‘vehicle control’ representing the % change values in comparison to the ‘growth control’ i.e. tube containing only growth medium plus organism, but no DMSO; 0.5% v/v DMSO used as ‘vehicle control’ did not affect biofilm of the bacterium; Crystal violet assay was performed to measure biofilm formation, and biofilm eradication, followed by the measurement of OD at 580 nm; Cell viability in biofilm was estimated through MTT assay, wherein OD was measured at 540 nm; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001