Table 3 Univariate analysis of clinical and microbiological predictors of death in 93 cases of infectious complications after probiotic use, identified by systematic review, 1976–2018

Male, n (%)

45 (60.8)

8 (44.4)

0.43

–

Age (years)

33.8 ± 31^a

59.4 ± 22^a

< 0.001^*

–

Preterm, n (%)

16 (21.6)

1 (5.5)

0.03^*

0.10 (0.01–1.91)

>  60 years, n (%)

22 (29.7)

11 (61.1)

0.003^*

6.25 (1.89–20.1)

CDc, n (%)

4 (5.4)

7 (38.9)

< 0.001^*

11.8 (2.89–48.81)

HIV infection

5 (6.7)

0

0.23

–

Solid organ transplant

2 (2.7)

1 (5.5)

0.55

–

Immunosuppressive drugs

15 (20.2)

5 (27.8)

0.89

–

Enteral nutrition

38 (51.3)

13 (72.2)

0.13

–

Parenteral nutrition

12 (16.2)

2 (11.1)

0.37

–

Central venous catheter

48 (64.9)

11 (61.1)

0.96

–

ATB use, n (%)

28 (37.8)

12 (66.7)

0.002^*

9.75 (1.51–17.11)

 Saccharomyces spp.

32 (43.2)

14 (77.8)

0.03^*

4.9 (1.30–15.48)

 Lactobacillus spp.

25 (33.8)

1 (5.5)

0.03^*

0,12 (0.01–1.05)

 Bifidobacterium spp.

12 (16.2)

0 (0)

0.11

0,12 (0.01–2.31)

Beginning of probiotics until symptoms

11 (7–23)^b

9 (8–14)^b

0,30

–

Duration of treatment (d)

20 ± 16^a

11 ± 8^a

0.20

–