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Fig. 3 | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Fig. 3

From: Tinospora cordifolia as a potential neuroregenerative candidate against glutamate induced excitotoxicity: an in vitro perspective

Fig. 3

B-TCE pretreatment abolished the glutamate-induced onset of inflammation. a) Confocal micrographs of Control, Glutamate (2 mM), B-TCE (20 μg/mL) and B-TCE + Glu treated primary cerebellar neurons immunostained for NF-κB and AP-1. b) Representative immunoblots and histograms showing relative expression of NF-κB and AP-1 where α-Tubulin was used as internal control. c) Histograms representing secretory levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β (in pg/mL) in the four different treatment groups. d) Confocal micrographs of primary cerebellar neurons stained with Mitotracker green FM e) Histogram representing fold change in mRNA expression of iNOS in four different treatment groups. Data was compared between Control and other groups such as Glutamate, B-TCE and B-TCE + Glu (*p ≤ 0.01) as well as Glutamate alone with B-TCE and B-TCE + Glu groups (#p ≤ 0.01). Confocal Images were captured at 60X objective (Scale bar: 50 μm)

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