Fig. 3

Inhibitory effect of SHE on the PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) production in FD-induced RAW 264.7 cells determined using ELISA. Culture supernatants of RAW 264.7 cells after successive treatment with LPS or FD were used to quantify the inflammatory cytokines and PGE2. Triplicate experiments were used to evaluate the data, and the mean value is expressed as ± SD. t-test was used to calculate the level of significance. * = p < 0.05 and ** = p < 0.01