Prescription of any potentially inappropriate Kampo medicationsa | p-valueb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total n = 80 | Yes n = 23 | No n = 57 | ||
Age, mean ± SD | 76.7 ± 8.1 | 78.1 ± 8.3 | 76.2 ± 8.0 | 0.34 |
Female, n (%) | 45 (56.2) | 17 (73.9) | 28 (49.1) | 0.05 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 1.6 ± 1.8 | 0.62 |
Non-Kampo medicationsc | ||||
Total number | ||||
Median (IQR) | 5.0 (3.0–7.3) | 6.0 (4.0–8.5) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 0.80 |
Mean ± SD | 5.6 ± 3.0 | 6.4 ± 3.1 | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 0.16 |
Five or more medications, n (%) | 46 (57.5) | 14 (60.9) | 32 (56.1) | 0.80 |
Kampo medications | ||||
Total number | ||||
Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | NA |
Mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.05 |
Two or more medications, n (%) | 14 (17.5) | 7 (30.4) | 7 (12.3) | 0.10 |
Aconite composition, n (%) | 8 (10.0) | 5 (21.7) | 3 (5.3) | 0.04 |
Glycyrrhizae radix composition, n (%) | 57 (71.3) | 19 (82.6) | 38 (66.7) | 0.18 |
Ephedra composition, n (%) | 10 (12.5) | 3 (13.0) | 7 (12.3) | 1.00 |
Scutellaria baicalensis composition, n (%) | 6 (7.5) | 2 (8.7) | 4 (7.0) | 1.00 |
Gardenia composition, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.28 |
Specific medications, n (%) | ||||
Three or more antihypertensive drugs | 14 (17.5) | 7 (30.4) | 7 (12.3) | 0.10 |
Loop diuretics | 6 (7.5) | 1 (4.4) | 5 (8.8) | 0.67 |
Dysuria medications | 9 (11.3) | 4 (17.4) | 5 (8.8) | 0.43 |
Interferon | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
Uncontrolled hypertensiond, n (%) | 20 (25.0) | 10 (43.5) | 10 (17.5) | 0.02 |
Past medical history, n (%) | ||||
Tachyarrhythmiae | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.3) | 0.55 |
Dementia | 13 (16.3) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (15.8) | 1.00 |
Ischaemic heart disease | 7 (8.8) | 1 (4.4) | 6 (10.5) | 0.45 |
Chronic kidney disease | 25 (31.3) | 18 (78.3) | 7 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
Liver cirrhosis | 4 (5.0) | 2 (8.7) | 2 (3.5) | 0.57 |
Hypertension | 50 (62.5) | 17 (73.9) | 33 (57.9) | 0.21 |