RETRACTED ARTICLE: Antimalarial efficacy of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA)

Satish, P.V.V.; Sunita, K.

doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1958-y

Table 4 Cytotoxicity against brine shrimp larva of different crude extracts from Pongamia pinnata

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Antimalarial efficacy of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA)

Plant Part	Extract	Percentage of mortality (M ± SD, P - value)								LC₅₀ (μg/mL) 95%CI (LCL-UCL)		SI
Plant Part	Extract	100 μg/mL	200 μg/mL	400 μg/mL	600 μg/mL	800 μg/mL	1000 μg/mL	1200 μg/mL	1400 μg/mL	1600 μg/mL
Leaf	ME	0.00 ± 0.00 NS	4.74 ± 1.45 0.017	10.52 ± 2.93 0.013	18.15 ± 2.63 0.0036	30.53 ± 0.62 0.0001	38.87 ±1.65 0.0003	45.33 ±3.51 0.0013	69.45 ±5.03 0.0012	87.61 ± 1.58 0.0001	1245.00 ±35.00 (1158.10–1331.90)	51.87
	CH	7.37 ± 0.50 0.0009	13.38 ± 0.94 0.0009	24.02 ± 1.13 0.0004	38.37 ± 4.17 0.0020	56.25 ± 0.97 0.0001	82.62 ±2.18 0.0001	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	730.00 ±22.9 1030.80–1182.60)	ND
	HE	0.00 ± 0.00 NS	4.15 ±0.37 0.0020	10.69 ±1.70 0.0011	18.33 ±1.55 0.0013	38.33 ±1.66 0.0003	41.22 ±0.91 0.0001	56.61 ±3.15 0.0006	74.36 ±4.48 0.0008	97.57 ±2.12 0.0001	1106.70 ±30.60 (1030.80–1182.60)	ND
	EA	10.70 ±1.57 0.0039	18.48 ±0.96 0.0005	37.62 ±4.10 0.0020	61.82 ±1.39 0.0001	86.04 ±3.04 0.0002	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	495.00 ±22.90 (438.10–551.90)	7.03
	AQ	13.06 ±1.47 0.0022	25.32 ±2.66 0.0019	46.50 ±1.28 0.0001	61.96 ±1.99 0.0002	90.87 ±1.72 0.0001	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	438.00 ±10.58 (411.71–464.29)	4.76
Bark	ME	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	2.31 ±0.31 0.0013	7.74 ±2.26 0.015	13.13 ±2.23 0.0050	21.22 ±2.02 0.0018	38.79 ±1.73 0.0005	55.51 ±5.04 0.0021	85.00 ±0.37 0.0000	1328.30 ±32.50 (1247.50–1409.10)	113.82
	CH	0.00 ±0.00 NS	3.30 ±1.20 0.026	9.82 ±2.26 0.0093	15.03 ±1.60 0.0020	26.78 ±2.59 0.0017	48.37 ±0.80 0.0001	69.53 ±3.60 0.0005	88.29 ±0.52 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	1011.67 ±2.89 (1004.50–1018.84)	>5.05
	HE	5.23 ±0.38 0.0012	9.49 ±1.06 0.0023	16.62 ±3.80 0.0089	38.08 ±0.94 0.0001	54.55 ±3.66 0.0008	72.60 ±2.24 0.0002	91.70 ±3.79 0.0003	98.18 ±1.21 0.0001	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	738.30 ±23.60 (679.60–797.00)	4.14
	EA	0.00 ±0.00 NS	4.23 ±0.68 0.0054	10.67 ±3.19 0.015	18.08 ±0.92 0.0005	42.01 ±3.09 0.0010	74.07 ±0.82 0.0000	98.15 ±2.48 0.0001	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	841.37 ±10.41 (815.81–867.52)	18.02
	AQ	0.00 ±0.00 NS	1.30 ±0.24 0.0056	4.53 ±1.51 0.020	10.49 ±0.70 0.0008	22.53 ±4.07 0.0054	49.02 ±1.63 0.0003	80.37 ±2.85 0.0002	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	1006.00 ±14.93 (968.90–1043.10)	26.94
Flower	ME	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	3.37 ±0.17 0.017	11.03 ±1.84 0.0069	21.83 ±1.51 0.0016	38.59 ±2.95 0.0019	66.10 ±3.63 0.0007	1475.00 ±21.80 (1420.90–1529.01)	46.09
	CH	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	3.31 ±0.82 0.013	7.71 ±1.21 0.0045	15.25 ±2.39 0.0048	29.41 ±0.74 0.0001	47.34 ±1.75 0.0003	68.61 ±3.95 0.0008	84.66 ±3.83 0.0005	1218.33 ±10.41 (1192.48–1244.19)	7.80
	HE	0.00 ±0.00 NS	1.56 ±0.50 0.029	4.07 ±1.34 0.020	12.46 ±2.80 0.0087	31.78 ±2.12 0.0008	58.65 ±2.03 0.0002	75.79 ±1.98 0.0001	91.41 ±1.17 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	1132.67 ±15.53 (1094.08–1171.26)	>5.66
	EA	9.11 ±1.95 0.0081	17.54 ±4.05 0.0090	33.32 ±2.73 0.0011	71.34 ±2.87 0.0003	89.30 ±0.29 0.0000	99.34 ±0.28 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	480.00 ±5.00 (467.58–492.42)	8.27
	AQ	6.21 ±0.89 0.0039	10.89 ±2.16 0.0069	21.51 ±1.26 0.0006	38.76 ±3.90 0.0017	59.91 ±3.75 0.0007	78.20 ±0.96 0.0000	99.30 ±0.34 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	703.30 ±28.40 (632.70–774.00)	16.61
Root	ME	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	2.41 ±0.66 0.017	6.77 ±1.88 0.018	14.37 ±2.11 0.0048	38.32 ±1.19 0.0003	69.20 ±1.03 0.0000	90.89 ±1.72 0.0001	1274.00 ±5.29 (1260.86–1287.14)	49.62
	CH	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	3.83 ±0.44 0.0031	10.47 ±0.45 0.0004	18.51 ±0.49 0.0011	32.79 ±2.33 0.0013	58.88 ±3.11 0.0007	89.30 ±2.60 0.0002	1335.00 ±21.80 (1280.90–1389.10)	10.79
	HE	0.00 ±0.00 NS	2.48 ±1.13 0.042	8.41 ±0.96 0.0024	18.74 ±3.16 0.0049	39.78 ±2.49 0.0007	80.13 ±1.81 0.0001	99.15 ±0.17 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	850.17 ±5.21 (828.26–873.07)	ND
	EA	3.45 ±0.59 0.0066	9.09 ±3.15 0.020	19.27 ±0.49 0.0001	40.65 ±2.78 0.0008	78.34 ±0.82 0.0000	96.68 ±1.87 0.0001	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	646.72 ±15.28 (608.12–684.61)	ND
	AQ	0.00 ±0.00 NS	0.00 ±0.00 NS	2.32 ±0.13 0.0003	6.62 ±2.00 0.016	13.44 ±3.02 0.0098	42.58 ±2.04 0.0004	73.39 ±3.36 0.0004	98.04 ±0.95 0.0000	100.00 ±0.00 0.0000	1047.61 ±12.50 (1016.61–1078.73)	11.90
DMSO (−ve control)	–	0.80 ± 0.03	1.00 ±0.21	1.12 ±0.00	1.47 ±0.52	1.50 ±0.00	2.31 ±0.17	4.33 ±0.38	5.45 ±0.59	7.87 ±1.21	–	–
Chloram-phenicol (+ve control)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	19.45 ±1.23

Values are represented as mean of 3 replicates ± standard deviations at 95% confidence interval with upper and lower limits and P - value is significant at <0.05 and <0.001, NS– not significant; ME- methanol, CH- chloroform, HE- hexane, EA- ethyl acetate, AQ- aqueous; SI- selective index (SI = LC₅₀ Brine shrimp larva /IC₅₀ P. f 3D7 strain), DMSO- Dimethyl sulphoxide, CQ- chloroquine

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