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Table 4 Results of the meta-analysis of the change in SBP (mmHg) in the two subgroup analyses of the three groups of sex and age differences

From: Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study or Subgroup

Sinrin-yoku

Total

Control

Total

Weight (%)

Mean Difference

IV, Fixed

95% CI

1) Young male (university student) group

Kozaki et al., 2007–2 [21]

11

*

1.4

−1.30

−7.60 - 10.20

Kozaki et al., 2007–1 [21]

11

*

1.2

−1.00

−10.62 - 8.62

Tsunetsugu et al., 2007–1 [20, 40]

9

*

3.9

−2.50

−7.87 - 2.87

Furuhashi et al., 2007 [22]

12

*

9.3

−3.90

−7.37 - -0.43

Tsunetsugu et al., 2007–2 [20]

11

*

3.8

−6.20

−11.65 - -0.75

Park et al., 2010–2 [23]

75

*

25.0

−2.16

−4.28 - -0.04

Park et al., 2010–1 [23]

268

*

42.3

−2.16

−3.79 - -0.53

Lee et al., 2011 [24]

48

*

13.1

−3.00

−5.92 - -0.08

Total

445

0**

100.0

−2.53

−3.59 - -1.48

2) Middle-aged or older male group

Takeda et al., 2009–1 [30,31,32,33,34,35]

11

*

8.9

1.10

−12.64 - 14.84

Li et al., 2011 [10]

16

*

15.8

−3.00

−13.33 - 7.33

Kondo et al., 2011b [28, 29]

8

*

61.5

−4.00

−9.23 - 1.23

Kondo et al., 2014–1 [16]

7

*

13.8

−10.40

−21.43 - 0.63

Total

42

0**

100.0

−4.27

−8.38 - -0.17

3) Middle-aged or older female group

Takeda et al., 2009–2 [30,31,32,33,34,35]

8

*

19.8

−10.00

−18.35 - -1.65

Kondo et al., 2011a [27, 29]

8

*

43.0

−4.00

−9.66 - 1.66

Kondo et al., 2014–2 [16]

6

*

16.2

−5.50

−14.73 - 3.73

Lee & Lee, 2014 [11]

43

19

21.0

−12.25

−20.36 - -4.14

Total

65

19**

100.0

−7.16

−10.88 - -3.45

  1. Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 3.57, df = 7 (P = 0.83); I2 = 0%
  2. Test for overall effect: Z = 4.70 (P < 0.00001)
  3. Heterogeneity: Chi2 = 3.28, df = 3 (P = 0.35); I2 = 8%
  4. Test for overall effect: Z = 3.78 (P < 0.0002)
  5. CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom
  6. *Cross-over design (same number as in Shinrin-yoku)
  7. **Total number excluding the cross-over design