Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Results of the meta-analysis of the change in SBP (mmHg) in the two subgroup analyses of differences in intervention methods (walking and non-walking)

Study or Subgroup	Sinrin-yoku Total	Control Total	Weight (%)	Mean Difference IV, Fixed	95% CI
1) Walking group
Ogushi et al., 2000 [18]	37	20	3.1	−5.00	−14.58 - 4.58
Kozaki et al., 2007–1 [21]	11	*	3.1	−1.00	−10.62 - 8.62
Tsunetsugu et al., 2007–1 [20, 40]	9	*	9.9	−2.50	−7.87 - 2.87
Takeda et al., 2009–1 [30,31,32,33,34,35]	11	*	1.5	1.10	−12.64 - 14.84
Takeda et al., 2009–2 [30,31,32,33,34,35]	8	*	4.1	−10.00	−18.35 - -1.65
Park et al., 2010–2 [23]	75	*	63.5	−2.16	−4.28 - -0.04
Li et al., 2011 [10]	16	*	2.7	−3.00	−13.33 - 7.33
Mao et al., 2012 [26]	12	12	2.2	−11.50	−22.87 - -0.13
Kondo et al., 2014–1 [16]	7	*	2.3	−10.40	−21.43 - 0.63
Lee & Lee, 2014 [11]	43	19	4.3	−12.25	−20.36 - -4.14
Kondo et al., 2014–2 [16]	6	*	3.3	−5.50	−14.73 - 3.73
Total	235	51**	100.0	−3.48	−5.17 - -1.80
2) Non-walking group
Takayanagi & Hagihara, 2005 [19]	12	12	0.8	−6.10	−19.02 - 6.82
Kozaki et al., 2007–2 [21]	11	*	1.8	−1.30	−7.60 - 10.20
Tsunetsugu et al., 2007–2 [20]	11	*	4.7	−6.20	−11.65 - -0.75
Furuhashi et al., 2007 [22]	12	*	11.6	−3.90	−7.37 - -0.43
Park et al., 2010–1 [23]	268	*	52.9	−2.16	−3.79 - -0.53
Kondo et al., 2011b [27,28,29]	8	*	5.1	−4.00	−9.23 - 1.23
Lee et al., 2011 [24]	48	*	16.4	−3.00	−5.92 - -0.08
Kondo et al., 2011a [27, 29]	8	*	4.4	−4.00	−9.66 - 1.66
Sung et al., 2012 [25]	28	28	2.3	−8.70	−16.48 - -0.92
Total	406	40**	100.0	−2.99	−4.17 - -1.80

ISSN: 2662-7671