Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Result of the meta-analysis comparing changes in SBP (mmHg) between the forest environment and the non-forest environment based on 20 studies or subgroups

Study or Subgroup	Sinrin-yoku Total	Control Total	Weight (%)	Mean Difference IV, Fixed	95% CI
Ogushi et al., 2000 [18]	37	20	1.0	−5.00	−14.58 - 4.58
Takayanagi & Hagihara, 2005 [19]	12	12	0.6	−6.10	−19.02 - 6.82
Tsunetsugu et al., 2007–2 [20]	11	*	3.2	−6.20	−11.65 - -0.75
Tsunetsugu et al., 2007–1 [20, 40]	9	*	3.3	−2.50	−7.87 - 2.87
Furuhashi et al., 2007 [22]	12	*	7.8	−3.90	−7.37 - -0.43
Kozaki et al., 2007–1 [21]	11	*	1.0	−1.00	−10.62 - 8.62
Kozaki et al., 2007–2 [21]	11	*	1.2	−1.30	−7.60 - 10.20
Takeda et al., 2009–2 [30,31,32,33,34,35]	8	*	1.3	−10.00	−18.35 - -1.65
Takeda et al., 2009–1 [30,31,32,33,34,35]	11	*	0.5	1.10	−12.64 - 14.84
Park et al., 2010–2 [23]	75	*	20.9	−2.16	−4.28 - -0.04
Park et al., 2010–1 [23]	268	*	35.4	−2.16	−3.79 - -0.53
Li et al., 2011 [10]	16	*	0.9	−3.00	−13.33 - 7.33
Lee et al., 2011 [24]	48	*	11.0	−3.00	−5.92 - -0.08
Kondo et al., 2011a [27, 29]	8	*	2.9	−4.00	−9.66 - 1.66
Kondo et al., 2011b [28, 29]	8	*	3.4	−4.00	−9.23 - 1.23
Sung et al., 2012 [25]	28	28	1.5	−8.70	−16.48 - -0.92
Mao et al., 2012 [26]	12	12	0.7	−11.50	−22.87 - -0.13
Kondo et al., 2014–1 [16]	7	*	0.8	−10.40	−21.43 - 0.63
Kondo et al., 2014–2 [16]	6	*	1.1	−5.50	−14.73 - 3.73
Lee & Lee, 2014 [11]	43	19	1.4	−12.25	−20.36 - -4.14
Total	641	91**	100.0	−3.15	−4.12 - -2.18

ISSN: 2662-7671