Fig. 3

Effect of CA on mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (NCI-H441) after treatment with UPM. a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (b) interleukin (IL)-6, and (c) IL-8 mRNA expression levels of NCI-H441 cells normalized to that of β-actin. After 24 h of pretreatment with CA (5 and 10 μM), NCI-H441 cells were incubated with UPM (100 μg/mL) for 6 h. Data are means ± SD of three experiments with triplicate samples and different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test