Table 1 Percentages of the Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey (ERASS) 2001–2010 sample (n = 195, 926) reporting any participation in yoga/pilates, t’ai chi/qigong, and fitness activities during the past 12-months

 Yoga/Pilates

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

3.0 (2.7–3.4)

3.1 (2.8–3.5)

3.4 (3.0–3.9)

3.4 (3.0–3.8)

3.0 (2.6–3.4)

2.8 (2.5–3.1)

3.2 (2.9–3.5)

2.8 (2.6–3.2)

3.5 (3.1–3.9)

0.175

 T’ai chi/Qigong

0.5 (0.4–0.7)

0.6 (0.4–0.8)

0.6 (0.5–0.8)

0.6 (0.5–0.8)

0.5 (0.4–0.7)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

0.5 (0.4–0.7)

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

0.887

 Fitness

13.0 (12.2–13.7)

14.6 (13.8–15.4)

15.9 (15.2–16.8)

17.0 (16.2–17.9)

18.5 (17.6–19.4)

19.2 (18.3–20.1)

20.2 (19.4–21.0)

23.5 (22.7–24.4)

22.9 (22.0–23.7)

23.5 (22.7–24.4)

<0.001

  Males

0.4 (0.2–0.7)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

0.6 (0.4–1.0)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

0.6 (0.4–0.8)

0.5 (0.4–0.8)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

0.864

  Females

2.5 (2.1–3.0)

5.2 (4.6–6.0)

5.5 (4.9–6.3)

6.0 (5.3–6.8)

5.7 (5.0–6.4)

5.3 (4.7–6.1)

4.7 (4.2–5.2)

5.7 (5.1–6.3)

5.1 (4.6–5.7)

6.1 (5.5–6.8)

0.146

   p-value ^c

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  Males

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.6)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.1 (0.1–0.3)

0.1 (0.1–0.3)

0.1 (0.1–0.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.3 (0.2–0.5)

0.1 (0.0–0.2)

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

0.948

  Females

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.803

   p-value ^c

<0.001

0.008

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  Males

9.0 (8.1–10.0)

11.1 (10.1–12.2)

11.9 (10.9–13.0)

12.8 (11.7–14.0)

14.7 (13.5–15.9)

14.9 (13.7–16.1)

15.2 (14.1–16.3)

18.8 (17.6–20.0)

17.4 (16.2–18.6)

18.7 (17.5–19.9)

<0.001

  Females

16.8 (15.7–18.0)

18.0 (16.9–19.2)

19.9 (18.8–21.1)

21.2 (20.0–22.5)

22.3 (21.1–23.5)

23.3 (22.1–24.6)

25.1 (24.0–26.2)

28.1 (26.9–29.3)

28.3 (27.1–29.5)

28.2 (27.0–29.5)

<0.001

   p-value ^c

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  15–34 years

2.0 (1.5–2.6)

3.5 (2.8–4.3)

3.6 (2.9–4.4)

3.4 (2.7–4.3)

3.0 (2.4–3.8)

2.7 (2.1–3.5)

2.6 (2.0–3.2)

3.4 (2.8–4.1)

2.7 (2.1–3.3)

3.7 (3.0–4.6)

0.590

  35–54 years

1.5 (1.2–2.0)

3.5 (3.5–2.9)

3.4 (2.8–4.1)

4.5 (3.8–5.3)

4.4 (3.7–5.2)

3.5 (3.0–4.2)

3.5 (3.0–4.1)

4.0 (3.4–4.7)

3.4 (2.9–4.0)

4.0 (3.4–4.6)

0.182

  55+ years

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

1.8 (1.3–2.3)

2.1 (1.6–2.7)

2.0 (1.5–2.6)

2.5 (2.0–3.2)

2.6 (2.1–3.2)

2.1 (1.7–2.6)

1.8 (1.4–2.3)

2.4 (2.0–2.8)

2.7 (2.3–3.2)

0.028

   p-value ^c

0.001

<0.001

0.004

<0.001

<0.001

0.080

0.001

<0.001

0.020

0.020

  15–34 years

0.1 (0.0–0.4)

0.3 (0.2–0.6)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.2 (0.1–0.5)

0.1 (0.0–0.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.6)

0.1 (0.0–0.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.025

  35–54 years

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

0.4 (0.2–0.6)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.3 (0.1–0.4)

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.3 (0.2–0.6)

0.047

  55+ years

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

1.4 (1.4–1.9)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

1.1 (0.9–1.5)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

1.7 (1.3–2.2)

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

0.092

   p-value ^c

<0.001

0.008

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  15–34 years

17.0 (15.6–18.6)

19.7 (18.1–21.3)

19.6 (18.1–21.2)

22.8 (21.1–24.6)

24.0 (22.3–25.8)

23.4 (21.6–25.3)

23.7 (22.1–25.3)

27.3 (25.7–29.1)

27.2 (25.4–29.1)

27.2 (25.3–29.1)

<0.001

  35–54 years

12.2 (11.1–13.4)

13.9 (12.7–15.1)

15.1 (13.8–16.4)

14.9 (13.7–16.2)

17.9 (16.6–19.3)

19.6 (18.2–21.0)

21.1 (19.9–22.4)

24.4 (23.1–25.8)

24.0 (22.8–25.4)

25.1 (23.8–26.5)

<0.001

  55+ years

8.1 (7.1–9.2)

8.8 (7.8–10.0)

12.3 (11.0–13.6)

12.4 (11.2–13.6)

12.3 (11.1–13.5)

13.7 (12.5–15.0)

15.2 (14.0–16.4)

18.0 (16.7–19.3)

16.6 (15.5–17.7)

17.7 (16.7–18.8)

<0.001

   p-value ^c

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001