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Table 5 Biological factors that convert the EA response from responder to non-responder or vice versa

From: What intrinsic factors influence responsiveness to acupuncture in pain?: a review of pre-clinical studies that used responder analysis

Author (Year)

EA

Factors

Responder → Non-responder

Non-responder → Responder

Kim (2014)

LF

Inhibiting AMPK activity in the hypothalamus

 

Fais (2012)

LF

 

Inhibitor of norepinephrine and serotonin uptake at spinal terminals of descending pain inhibitory pathways (amitriptyline, i.p. or i.t)

Kim (2007)

LF

 

CCK-AR KO

Sekido (2003)

LF

Naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist, i.p.)

 

Takeshige (1993)

LF

-Hypophysectomy

-Antiserum of β-endorphin (i.c.v.)

Inhibitor of the degrading enzymes of met-enkephalin (DPA, i.p.)

Takeshige (1992)

LF

Hypophysectomy

- Morphine (i.p.)

- Morphine (into post. Arcuate nucleus)

- β-endorphin (into post. Arcuate nucleus)

Han (1985)

IF

 

CCK-8 AS (i.c.v. or i.t.)

Tian (1998)

HF

OFQ-Ab (i.t.)

OFQ-Ab (i.c.v.)

Tang (1997)

HF

 

Antisense CCK (i.c.v.)

  1. AMPK 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (regulation of energy homeostasis), AS antiserum, CCK cholecystokinin, CCK-8 cholecystokinin octapeptide, CCK-AR cholecystokinin A receptor, DPA D-phenylalanine, i.c.v. intracerebroventricular injection, i.p. intraperitoneal injection, i.t. intrathecal injection, KO knockout, Met-Enk methionine enkephalin, OFQ-Ab orphanin FQ anibody, post. Posterior