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Table 4 Results for the bio-signal variables

From: Hemodynamic changes caused by acupuncture in healthy volunteers: a prospective, single-arm exploratory clinical study

Variables

Assessment schedule

−5 min

0

+7 min

+14 min

+20 min

+27 min

Baseline (Reference)a

Needle insertiona

During needle retentiona

Needle removala

Finala

Heart rate variability (HRV)

 NN (s)

0.89

(0.81, 0.96)

0.01

(−0.02, 0.03)

−0.01

(−0.03, 0.01)

−0.01

(−0.04, 0.01)

−0.02

(−0.04, 0.01)

−0.02*

(−0.05, −0.00)

 SDNN (ms)

60.89

(49.54, 72.24)

2.97

(−5.84, 11.78)

0.82

(−7.98, 9.63)

3.22

(−5.59, 12.02)

1.41

(−7.40, 10.22)

4.26

(−4.54, 13.07)

 RMSSD (ms)

41.51

(28.39, 54.63)

0.76

(−4.56, 6.09)

−2.21

(−7.53, 3.12)

−1.44

(−6.76, 3.88)

−3.15

(−8.47, 2.17)

−3.19

(−8.51, 2.13)

 TF (ms2)

1407.53

(816.28, 1998.78)

−190.15

(−617.85, 237.55)

−91.18

(−518.88, 336.52)

−69.81

(−497.51, 357.89)

−13.75

(−441.45, 413.96)

26.67

(−401.03, 454.37)

 LF (ms2)

432.39

(246.02, 618.75)

−54.68

(−203.00, 93.64)

−45.23

(−193.55, 103.09)

−45.86

(−194.18, 102.45)

−12.04

(−160.36, 136.27)

77.89

(−70.42, 226.21)

 HF (ms2)

256.67

(25.13, 488.20)

−17.95

(−110.86, 74.96)

−42.69

(−135.60, 50.22)

−62.72

(−155.63, 30.18)

−68.12

(−161.03, 24.79)

−97.81*

(−190.71, −4.90)

 nLF (%)

53.03

(43.27, 62.79)

−2.90

(−11.14, 5.34)

5.01

(−3.23, 13.25)

4.26

(−3.97, 12.50)

7.10

(−1.13, 15.34)

9.50*

(1.26, 17.74)

 nHF (%)

43.72

(34.52, 52.93)

2.39

(−5.43, 10.21)

−5.11

(−12.92, 2.71)

−4.31

(−12.13, 3.51)

−7.23

(−15.05, 0.58)

−9.40*

(−17.22, −1.58)

 LF/HF

2.03

(1.08, 2.98)

−0.37

(−1.34, 0.60)

0.29

(−0.67, 1.26)

0.13

(−0.84, 1.09)

0.14

(−0.83, 1.10)

0.98*

(0.02, 1.95)

Respiration

 Respiratory rate (bpm)

14.49

(10.94, 18.04)

0.11

(−1.05, 1.27)

0.43

(−0.74, 1.59)

−0.21

(−1.37, 0.96)

0.22

(−0.94, 1.38)

−0.15

(−1.31, 1.02)

PPG signals

 Amplitude (V)

0.38

(0.29, 0.47)

−0.01

(−0.05, 0.03)

0.02

(−0.02, 0.06)

0.02

(−0.02, 0.06)

0.01

(−0.03, 0.05)

0.03

(−0.01, 0.07)

 Systolic area (Vs)

94.50

(71.11, 117.90)

0.18

(−9.25, 9.61)

8.17

(−1.26, 17.60)

8.73

(−0.70, 18.16)

7.26

(−2.17, 116.69)

12.00**

(2.57, 21.43)

ICG signals

 Cardiac output (ml/min)

7107.78

(2142.10,12,073.47)

−182.77

(−1218.29, 852.76)

−395.31

(−1430.84, 640.21)

−509.858

(−1545.39, 525.67)

−261.268

(−1296.80, 774.26)

−239.630

(−1275.16, 795.90)

 Stroke volume (ml)

105.659

(16.99, 194.32)

−5.084

(−21.76, 11.60)

−8.855

(−25.54, 7.83)

−10.239

(−26.92, 6.44)

−11.781

(−28.46, 4.90)

−11.699

(−28.38, 4.98)

  1. NN normal to normal interval, SDNN standard deviation of the NN interval, RMSDD square root of the mean squared differences of NN intervals, TF total frequency, LF low-frequency domain, HF high-frequency domain, nLF normalized low-frequency domain, nHF normalized high-frequency domain
  2. **,p < 0.01; *,p < 0.05
  3. aValues represent differences between the baseline and each assessment during the needling procedure (95% CI). The other details are identical to the footnote of Table 3 except for following abbreviations