Table 2 Summary of between group changes on clinical outcomes
Outcome Measure | Yoga (n = 29) | Control (n = 34) | Unadjusted Mean difference (95% CI) | P (between groups) | Effect Size (partial η 2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 17 | Week 0 | Week 17 | Â | Â | Â | |
Heart Rate Variability | |||||||
 Ln HF power (absolute) | 6.39 ± 1.30 | 6.27 ± 1.30 | 5.67 ± 1.46 | 5.76 ± 1.48 | −0.503 (−1.203 – 0.196) | 0.912 | 0.000 |
 Ln LF power (absolute) | 6.14 ± 1.17 | 5.93 ± 1.09 | 5.66 ± 1.10 | 5.44 ± 1.19 | −0.488 (−1.063 – 0.088) | 0.424 | 0.011 |
 Ln LF:HF ratio | −0.244 ± 0.95 | −0.337 ± 0.92 | −0.002 ± 1.17 | −0.213 ± 1.17 | 0.124 (−0.406 – 0.653) | 0.978 | 0.000 |
 Ln total power | 7.52 ± 1.01 | 7.33 ± 1.05 | 7.02 ± 0.94 | 6.92 ± 1.06 | −0.406 (−0.940 – 0.128) | 0.755 | 0.002 |
 pNN50 | 21.81 ± 21.35 | 21.46 ± 22.71 | 18.72 ± 20.74 | 21.80 ± 24.49 | 0.338 (−11.566 – 12.243) | 0.353 | 0.014 |
 Ln SDNN | 3.99 ± 0.46 | 3.95 ± 0.48 | 3.74 ± 0.44 | 3.77 ± 0.50 | −0.183 (−0.429 – 0.063) | 0.948 | 0.000 |
 Ln RMSSD | 3.78 ± 0.65 | 3.80 ± 0.68 | 3.50 ± 0.68 | 3.61 ± 0.68 | −0.188 (−0.531 – 0.156) | 0.942 | 0.000 |
 Ln Triangular Index | 5.91 ± 0.45 | 5.92 ± 0.43 | 5.85 ± 0.48 | 5.83 ± 0.51 | −0.098 (−0.333 – 0.138) | 0.486 | 0.008 |
Hemodynamic measures | |||||||
 Resting heart rate (bpm) | 64.1 ± 8.0 | 62.9 ± 8.3 | 65.4 ± 9.1 | 62.2 ± 8.7 | −0.784 (−5.084 – 3.516) | 0.248 | 0.022 |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.3 ± 11.1 | 119.1 ± 10.3 | 119.8 ± 9.1 | 119.6 ± 8.9 | 0.49 (−4.419 – 5.399) | 0.517 | 0.007 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.7 ± 7.9 | 73.5 ± 8.0 | 76.1 ± 6.4 | 74.3 ± 7.2 | 0.875 (−2.970 – 4.721) | 0.769 | 0.001 |
Augmentation index (@75 bpm)a | 16.1 ± 9.8 | 16.2 ± 8.8 | 12.9 ± 13.1 | 13.5 ± 11.3 | −2.678 (−7.842 – 2.487) | 0.294 | 0.022 |
Hematological measures | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.15 ± 0.84 | 5.15 ± 0.69 | 5.03 ± 0.91 | 4.98 ± 1.11 | −0.169 (−0.628 – 0.289) | 0.635 | 0.004 |
 HDL (mmol/L) | 1.59 ± 0.52 | 1.53 ± 0.47 | 1.40 ± 0.38 | 1.37 ± 0.34 | −0.157 (−0.369 – 0.055) | 0.886 | 0.000 |
 TC/HDL ratio | 3.53 ± 1.24 | 3.65 ± 1.20 | 3.83 ± 1.25 | 3.84 ± 1.26 | 0.187 (−0.435 – 0.808) | 0.450 | 0.010 |
 LDL (mmol/L)a | 2.94 ± 0.75 | 3.07 ± 0.71 | 3.03 ± 0.84 | 3.02 ± 1.01 | −0.045 (−0.481 – 0.390) | 0.412 | 0.011 |
 Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.93 | 1.22 ± 0.64 | 1.28 ± 0.81 | 1.28 ± 0.65 | 0.065 (−0.260 – 0.391) | 0.522 | 0.007 |
 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.01 ± 0.58 | 5.04 ± 0.57 | 4.94 ± 0.44 | 4.94 ± 0.52 | −0.100 (−0.377 – 0.177) | 0.672 | 0.003 |
 Ln hsCRP | 0.64 ± 1.35 | 0.51 ± 1.27 | 0.80 ± 1.23 | 0.78 ± 1.22 | 0.268 (−0.363 – 0.900) | 0.430 | 0.010 |
Body Compositiona | |||||||
 Body weight (kg) | 86.4 ± 21.2 | 86.2 ± 21.3 | 90.4 ± 21.0 | 91.3 ± 21.3 | 4.328 (−6.279 – 14.935) | 0.618 | 0.004 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 6.2 | 29.8 ± 6.2 | 30.9 ± 6.3 | 31.0 ± 6.3 | 1.186 (−1.977 – 4.349) | 0.496 | 0.008 |
 Waist circumference (cm) | 93.9 ± 14.5 | 92.6 ± 14.7 | 95.3 ± 15.1 | 95.0 ± 14.1 | 2.399 (−4.898 – 9.696) | 0.204 | 0.027 |
 Fat mass (kg) | 34.5 ± 14.5 | 34.4 ± 14.4 | 38.0 ± 14.0 | 37.5 ± 13.8 | 3.141 (−4.066 – 10.348) | 0.714 | 0.002 |
 Lean mass (kg) | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 48.8 ± 10.7 | 48.3 ± 11.0 | 48.9 ± 10.8 | 0.117 (−5.390 – 5.624) | 0.126 | 0.039 |
 Fat-free mass (kg) | 51.7 ± 10.9 | 51.8 ± 11.2 | 51.4 ± 11.4 | 52.0 ± 10.9 | 0.150 (−5.575 – 5.876) | 0.147 | 0.035 |
 Body fat (%) | 40.4 ± 9.3 | 40.4 ± 9.3 | 43.2 ± 8.7 | 42.6 ± 8.8 | 2.188 (−2.442 – 6.819) | 0.231 | 0.024 |