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Table 3 Pre-intervention and post-intervention inflammatory markers in smokers

From: Effects of honey supplementation on inflammatory markers among chronic smokers: a randomized controlled trial

 

Smokers with honey (n = 32)

Smokers without honey (n = 32)

 

Pre-intervention

Post-intervention

Pre-intervention

Post-intervention

TNF-α (pg/mL)

2615.86 (145.31)

3855.92 (217.83)*

3026.64 (128.74)

2893.59 (68.36)

IL-6 (ng/mL)

1.60 (0.19)

1.77(0.17)

1.96 (0.26)

1.73 (0.26)

hsCRP (ng/mL)

2.31 (0.32)

1.61 (0.26)*

2.91 (2.38)

1.65 (2.43)

  1. Data are presented as mean (SEM). TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL: interleukin; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein
  2. *p < 0.05 compared to the corresponding pre-intervention (Paired t-test)