Fig. 3

Level of TNF-α release by RMMVECs upon 1 μg/ml LPS stimulation in presence or absence of dandelion at different time point. 1 μg/mL LPS solution was used to stimulate RMMVECs and dandelion with 10, 100 and 200 μg/mL were added to RMMVECs at 4 h post LPS-stimulation. ELISA was used to analyze the release level of TNF-α protein into the medium at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dandelion treatment. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3 in each group). * p < 0.05 or ** p < 0.01 vs. LPS stimulating group at the same time point