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Table 1 Inhibitions on oxidative stress and inflammation of TCMs evaluated using QR induction and NO production assay

From: Screening of traditional Chinese medicines with therapeutic potential on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response

No

Plant name

Part used in TCM

Voucher ID

Yields (%)

Induction of QR activity (MQI)

Inhibition of NO production (MIR)

1

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Wild.

Branch

20151128-100-EC

69.8

N/D

N/D

2

Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith

Root-bark

20150802-20-WJP

9.8

N/D

68.0 % (100)

3

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms

Rhizome

20150801-8-CWJ

7.7

N/D

52.0 % (200)

4

Achyranthes bidentata Bl.

Rhizome

20150801-4-NX

8.7

N/D

N/D

5

Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.

Root

20151128-58-FZ

14.7

N/D

N/D

6

Acorns tatarinowii Schott

Rhizome

20151128-30-SCP

10.5

N/D

N/D

7

Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch.

Root

20151128-76-SS

19.1

N/D

N/D

8

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.

Aerial part

20151128-31-XHC

9.8

N/D

41.2 % (200)

9

Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. subsp. australis (Diels) T. Shimizu

Rattan

20150802-14-BMT

11.6

N/D

N/D

10

Albizia julibrissin Durazz.

Bark

20151128-134-HHP

8.9

1.64 fold (200)

N/D

11

Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep.

Root

20151128-71-ZX

13.6

N/D

34.2 % (200)

12

Allium tuberosum Rottl.

Seed

20150717-4-JCZ

3.8

N/D

N/D

13

Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep.

Fruit

20151128-137-DK

2.1

N/D

N/D

14

Amomum villosum Lour.

Fruit

20150801-9-SR

8.3

N/D

N/D

15

Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino

Root

20151128-127-BL

10.7

N/D

N/D

16

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

Aerial part

20151128-83-CXL

9.9

2.04 fold (200)

N/D

17

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.

Rhizome

20150802-17-ZM

10.2

N/D

41.2 % (200)

18

Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook.f.

Root

20151128-125-BZ

8.9

N/D

N/D

19

Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan

Root

20150802-16-DH

25.1

N/D

N/D

20

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Root

20151128-34-DG

19.4

1.41 fold (200)

N/D

21

Arctium lappa L.

Fruit

20151128-33-NBZ

18.4

N/D

N/D

22

Areca catechu L.

Peel

20151128-104-DFP

2.3

N/D

N/D

23

Areca catechu L.

Fruit

20151128-145-BL

8.2

1.33 fold (25)

N/D

24

Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott

Tuber

20151128-23-TNX

1.2

1.36 fold (200)

N/D

25

Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc.

Aerial part

20151128-21-TXT

3.2

N/D

N/D

26

Artemisia argyi Levi. et Vant.

Leaf

20150716-6-AY

12.9

N/D

86.2 % (200)

27

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.

Aerial part

20151128-74-YC

12.8

1.48 fold (200)

38.8 % (100)

28

Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmldt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag.

Root and rhizome

20151128-72-XX

11.4

N/D

N/D

29

Atractylode lancea (Thunb.) DC.

Rhizome

20151128-136-CZ

24.2

N/D

52.3 %(200)

30

Atractylodes macrocephala Koldz.

Rhizome

20151128-123-BZ

12.9

N/D

N/D

31

Aucklandia lappa Decne.

Root

20151128-15-MX

16.3

2.31 fold (25)

94.7 % (25)

32

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.

Rhizome

20151128-106-SG

29.6

N/D

N/D

33

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f.

Rhizome

20150801-12-BJ

2.1

N/D

N/D

34

Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet

Tuber

20151128-5-TBM

15.1

N/D

N/D

35

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl

Leaf

20151128-7-DYZZ

4.3

N/D

85.8 % (200)

36

Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

Leaf

20150802-25-FXY

9.4

1.54 fold (50)

79.7 % (200)

37

Cassia obtusifolia L.

Seed

20151128-38-JMZ

7.9

N/D

N/D

38

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai

Fruit

20151128-24-MG

30.5

N/D

N/D

39

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.

Flower

20150802-28-JH

23.3

N/D

90.2 % (200)

40

Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.

Rhizome

20151128-28-SM

14.1

1.95 fold (100)

86.4 % (200)

41

Cinnamomum cassia Presl

Branch

20150717-2-GZ

5.0

N/D

N/D

42

Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC.

Aerial part

20151128-9-DJ

6.7

N/D

N/D

43

Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb.

Aerial part

20151128-10-XJ

12.7

1.51 fold (200)

38.8 % (200)

44

Cistanchede deserticola Y. C. Ma

Stem

20150801-7-RCR

23.6

N/D

N/D

45

Citrus aurantium L.

Fruit

20150801-11-ZQ

17.0

N/D

N/D

46

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.

Fruit

20150716-16-NM

19.5

1.79 fold (200)

N/D

47

Citrus medica L. var. sarcodac-tylis Swingle

Fruit

20151128-55-FS

39.6

N/D

N/D

48

Citrus reticulata Blanco.

Pericarp

20150716-10-CP

22.0

N/D

N/D

49

Clematis armandii Franch.

Rattan

20150802-12-CMT

4.5

N/D

N/D

50

Codonopsis pilosula(Franch.) Nannf.

Root

20151128-59-DS

48.4

N/D

N/D

51

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf

Seed

20150716-15-YYR

6.5

N/D

N/D

52

Commelina communis L.

Aerial part

20151128-88-YZC

4.4

N/D

N/D

53

Coptis chinensis Franch.

Rhizome

20150802-31-HL

6.6

N/D

57.1 %(200)

54

Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.

Fruit

20150802-27-SZY

43.6

N/D

N/D

55

Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br.

Fruit

20150716-2-SZ

34.8

N/D

N/D

56

Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino

Pseudobulb

20151128-12-SCG

2.6

N/D

61.0 % (200)

57

Croton tiglium L.

Fruit

20150802-8-BD

1.1

N/D

N/D

58

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Rhizome

20151128-121-XM

4.5

1.57 fold (200)

47.8 % at (200)

59

Curcuma phaeocaulis Val.

Rhizome

20150801-20-EZ

2.6

N/D

66.9 % (25)

60

Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling

Root

20150802-26-YJ

9.0

N/D

N/D

61

Cynanchum atratum Bge.

Root and rhizome

20151128-40-BW

23.6

N/D

N/D

62

Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr ex Lévl.

Rhizome

20150801-13-BQ

10.6.

N/D

N/D

63

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.

Stem

20150716-14-SY

17.9

N/D

N/D

64

Cyperus rotundus L.

Rhizome

20151128-80-XF

11.6

1.74 fold (200)

N/D

65

Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

Stem

20150802-13-MH

9.0

N/D

38.9 % (200)

66

Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.

Velamen

20150802-4-BXP

9.0

N/D

N/D

67

Dioscorea opposita Thunb.

Rhizome

20150716-1-SY

1.7

N/D

N/D

68

Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai

Rhizome

20150716-13-XD

17.5

N/D

38.6 % (200)

69

Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm.

Rhizome

20151128-78-GSB

4.8

N/D

N/D

70

Eclipta prostrata L.

Aerial part

20151128-99-MHL

9.0

N/D

N/D

71

Epimedium brevicornum Maxim.

Aerial part

20150716-9-YYH

20.5

N/D

N/D

72

Equisetum hiemale L.

Aerial part

20151128-108-MZ

4.9

N/D

41.7 %(200)

73

Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern.

Flower

20151128-139-GJC

7.9

N/D

N/D

74

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

Root-bark

20151128-51-DZ

8.3

1.56 fold (200)

62.5 % (200)

75

Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.

Bud

20151128-1-DX

27.5

N/D

N/D

76

Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.

Aerial part

20151128-66-PL

10.1

N/D

N/D

77

Euphorbia humifusa Willd.

Whole plant

20151128-37-DJC

9.5

N/D

N/D

78

Ferula Sinkiangensis K. M. Shen

Resin

20151128-140-EW

6.1

N/D

N/D

79

Forsythia suspense (Thnub.) Vahl

Fruit

20151128-53-LQ

28.3

N/D

48.3 % (200)

80

Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance

Bark

20151128-86-QP

8.0

N/D

90.7 % (200)

81

Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim.

Bulb

20151128-118-PBM

4.1

N/D

N/D

82

Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang

Sporophore

20150801-2-ZZ

2.9

N/D

N/D

83

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

Fruit

20150717-7-ZZ

16.1

N/D

N/D

84

Gastrodia elata Bl.

Tuber

20150801-16-TM

7.5

N/D

N/D

85

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

Rhizome

20150716-5-GC

15.7

2.19 fold (100)

82.9 % (200)

86

Hippophae rhamnoides L.

Fruit

20151128-57-SJ

36.5

N/D

N/D

87

Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott

Rhizome

20151128-13-QNJ

9.3

N/D

N/D

88

Hordeum vulgare L.

Fruit

20151128-135-MY

11.5

N/D

N/D

89

Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Aerial part

20150801-18-YXC

16.7

N/D

N/D

90

Illicium difengpi K. I .B. et K. I. M.

Bark

20151128-132-DFP

1.9

1.52 fold (100)

N/D

91

Illicium verum Hook. f.

Fruit

20151128-2-BJHX

13.3

N/D

55.7 % (200)

92

Inula helenium L.

Root

20150802-5-TMX

13.2

1.77 fold (12.5)

100 % (100)

93

Isatis indigotica Fort.

Root

20150802-9-BLG

17.9

N/D

N/D

94

Isatis indigotica Fort.

Leaf

20151128-102-DQY

13.6

1.66 fold (50)

N/D

95

Kaempferia galanga L.

Rhizome

20151128-105-SN

4.7

N/D

N/D

96

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.

Fruit

20150802-23-DFZ

8.5

N/D

N/D

97

Laminaria Japonica Aresch.

Thallus

20150802-10-KB

18.5

N/D

N/D

98

Lepidium apetalum Willd.

Seed

20150802-22-TLZ

2.9

N/D

N/D

99

Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.

Rhizome

20151128-19-CX

16.1

1.73 fold (200)

69.0 % (100)

100

Ligustrum lucidum Ait.

Fruit

20151128-18-NZZ

24.2

N/D

N/D

101

Lilium lancifolium Thunb.

Leaf

20151128-32-BH

4.3

N/D

N/D

102

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.

Root

20150801-15-WY

10.7

1.59 fold (200)

N/D

103

Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.

Root

20151128-93-ZC

6.4

1.52 fold (50)

57.1 % (200)

104

Lobelia chinensi Lour.

Whole plant

20151128-129-BBL

23.7

N/D

N/D

105

Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.

Flower

20150801-1-SYH

31.4

N/D

N/D

106

Lonicera japonica Thunb.

Flower

20150801-3-JYH

26.7

N/D

N/D

107

Lophatherum gracile Brongn.

Stem and leaf

20151128-91-DZY

8.6

N/D

N/D

108

Lycium barbarum L.

Fruit

20150801-6-GQ

11.5

N/D

N/D

109

Lycium chinense Mill.

Root-bark

20150802-21-DGP

7.5

N/D

N/D

110

Lycopodium japonicum Thunb.

Whole plant

20151128-138-SJC

22.3

N/D

53.0 % (200)

111

Lycopus lucidusTurcz. var. hirtus Regel

Aerial part

20151128-70-ZL

13.5

N/D

61.6 % (200)

112

Lysimachia christinae Hance

Whole plant

20151128-67-JQC

11.2

N/D

N/D

113

Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr.

Stem

20151128-114-GLM

6.1

N/D

N/D

114

Melia toosendan Sleb. et Zucc.

Fruit

20151128-107-CLZ

16.2

N/D

N/D

115

Menispermum dauricum DC.

Rhizome

20151128-120-BDG

11.0

N/D

N/D

116

Mentha haplocalyx Briq.

Aerial part

20150716-8-BH

19.1

N/D

N/D

117

Mignolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.

Bark

20151128-84-HP

22.9

N/D

N/D

118

Misla chinensis Maxim.

Aerial part

20151128-81-XR

6.9

1.60 fold (100)

N/D

119

Morinda officinalis How.

Root

20151128-112-BJT

28.8

N/D

N/D

120

Morus alba L.

Branch

20151128-142-SZ

7.4

1.37 fold (100)

61.2 % (200)

121

Morus alba L.

Fruit

20151128-143-SS

29.9

N/D

N/D

122

Nardostachys chinensis Batal.

Root and rhizome

20151128-115-GS

12.3

N/D

N/D

123

Oroxylum inddicum (L.) Vent.

Seed

20151128-26-MHD

14.0

N/D

85.4 % (200)

124

Orostachys fimbriatus (Turcz.) Berg.

Aerial part

20151128-109-WS

6.3

N/D

N/D

125

Paeonia lactiflora Pall.

Rhizome

20150716-7-BS

6.4

N/D

N/D

126

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey

Rhizome

20150801-10-SSS

39.4

N/D

N/D

127

Panax quinque folium L.

Root

20150802-29-XYS

14.8

N/D

N/D

128

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

Leaf

20150717-6-ZS

2.8

1.73 fold (200)

57.8 % (200)

129

Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn

Root

20151128-85-QH

20.6

N/D

77.6 % (200)

130

Phellodendron chinense Schneid.

Tree-bark

20151128-41-HB

12.7

N/D

N/D

131

Phragmites communis Trin.

Root

20151128-49-LG

3.8

N/D

N/D

132

Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino

Calyx

20150730-2-GJD

14.2

1.79 fold (200)

91.4 % (200)

133

Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit.

Tuber

20151128-130-BX

0.8

1.74 fold (200)

N/D

134

Piper nigrum L.

Fruit

20151128-92-HHJ

5.4

N/D

N/D

135

Plantago asiatica L.

Whole plant

20150716-4-CQC

13.7

N/D

N/D

136

Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.

Root

20151128-87-JG

33.4

N/D

N/D

137

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

Aerial part

20151128-16-GHX

5.5

1.73 fold (100)

56.6 % (200)

138

Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.

Rhizome

20151128-90-HJ

6.8

N/D

N/D

139

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce

Rhizome

20151128-113-YZ

21.6

N/D

N/D

140

Polygonum aviculare L.

Aerial part

20151128-89-BX

10.8

N/D

N/D

141

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc.

Root and rhizome

20151128-63-HZ

21.7

N/D

60.5 % (200)

142

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

Root

20151128-54-HSW

6.8

N/D

35.5 % (200)

143

Polyyala tenuifolia Willd.

Root

20151128-46-YZ

34.4

N/D

N/D

144

Potentilla chinensis Ser.

Whole plant

20151128-65-WLC

8.9

N/D

N/D

145

Prunella vulgaris L.

Peel

20150716-11-XKC

4.1

N/D

N/D

146

Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim.

Seed

20151128-60-KXR

5.7

N/D

N/D

147

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

Seed

20151128-61-TR

3.7

N/D

N/D

148

Pseudolarx kaempleri Gord.

Velamen

20151128-6-TJP

14.8

N/D

N/D

149

Pseudostellaria beterphylla (Miq.) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm.

Root

20151128-27-TZS

13.5

N/D

N/D

150

Psoralea corylifolia L.

Fruit

20150801-19-BGZ

10.2

N/D

N/D

151

Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel

Root

20151128-124-BTW

22.7

N/D

N/D

152

Punica granatum L.

Peel

20151128-117-SLP

31.3

N/D

N/D

153

Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching

Leaf

20151128-116-SW

12.2

1.85 fold (50)

N/D

154

Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara

Aerial part

20151128-39-DLC

8.4

1.38 fold (100)

43.2 % (200)

155

Raphanus sativus L.

Seed

20150802-30-LFZ

13.8

N/D

N/D

156

Rhaponlicum uniflorum (L.) DC.

Root

20151128-97-LL

4.4

1.54 fold (200)

N/D

157

Rheum palmatum L.

Root and rhizome

20151128-103-DH

25.6

N/D

60.2 % (200)

158

Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) H. Ohba

Rhizome

20150801-5-HJT

13.3

N/D

46.3 % (200)

159

Rosa chinensis Jacq.

Flower

20151128-110-YJH

18.9

N/D

N/D

160

Rosa laevigata Michx.

Fruit

20151128-68-JYZ

25.2

1.67 fold (50)

57 % (200)

161

Rubia cordifolia L.

Root and rhizome

20151128-73-QC

10.0

N/D

N/D

162

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Root and rhizome

20151128-29-DS

39.7

1.44 fold (100)

64.5 % (200)

163

Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Root

20151128-36-DY

3.5

N/D

N/D

164

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.

Root

20150802-19-FF

15.9

1.95 fold (100)

N/D

165

Sareassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag.

Frond

20150802-1-HZ

11.5

N/D

N/D

166

Sargentodoxa cuneate (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.

Rattan

20151128-8-DXT

16.9

N/D

N/D

167

Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.

Root

20151128-128-XS

50.5

N/D

N/D

168

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.

Rhizome

20150716-12-HQ

30.2

N/D

87.4 %(200)

169

Scutellaria barbata D. Don

Whole plant

20151128-35-BZL

10.2

N/D

59.0 % (200)

170

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge.

Whole plant

20151128-64-CPC

17.5

N/D

N/D

171

Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring

Whole plant

20151128-69-JB

8.9

N/D

N/D

172

Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.

Aerial part

20151128-14-QLG

11.4

N/D

38.1 % (200)

173

Sesamum indicum L.

Seed

20150717-3-HZM

3.3

N/D

N/D

174

Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

Aerial part

20151128-98-XXC

4.8

1.91 fold (200)

54.9 % (200)

175

Siphonostegia chinensis Benth.

Whole plant

20151128-119-BLJM

9.7

N/D

34.6 % (200)

176

Smilax glabra Roxb.

Rhizome

20151128-101-TFL

10.9

N/D

N/D

177

Sophora flavescens Ait.

Root

20151128-62-KS

21.4

N/D

N/D

178

Sophora japonica L.

Flower and bud

20151128-95-HH

37.1

1.44 fold (200)

N/D

179

Sparganium stoloniferum Buch.-Ham.

Tuber

20151128-3-SL

4.5

1.57 fold (200)

N/D

180

Spatholobus suberectus Dunn

Rattan

20151128-56-JXT

5.8

N/D

N/D

181

Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Miq.

Root

20150802-24-BB

30.6

N/D

N/D

182

Stephania tetrandra S. Moore

Root

20151128-43-FJ

72.9

N/D

50.0 % (200)

183

Sterculia lychnophora Hance

Seed

20150801-21-PDH

3.2

N/D

30.7 % (200)

184

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.

Whole plant

20150716-3-PGY

17.2

N/D

42.3 % (200)

185

Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser

Aerial part

20150802-15-SJS

6.3

N/D

N/D

186

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.

Seed

20131120-1-GL

20.5

N/D

N/D

187

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.

Root

20150802-18-LGT

8.3

N/D

N/D

188

Tussilago farfara L.

Bud

20150802-6-KDH

9.9

2.38 fold (50)

N/D

189

Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil.

Stem

20151128-79-GT

6.5

N/D

N/D

190

Usnea diffracta Vain.

Thallus

20150802-2-SL

11.0

N/D

44.5 % (200)

191

Vaccaria segetatis (Neck.) Garcke

Seed

20151128-20-WBLX

4.9

N/D

N/D

192

Verbena officinalis L.

Aerial part

20151128-17-MBC

7.9

N/D

N/D

193

Viola yedoensis Makino

Whole plant

20150802-7-ZHDD

25.6

N/D

N/D

194

Xanthium sibiricum Patr.

Fruit

20151128-47-CEZ

3.5

N/D

N/D

195

Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.

Root

20151128-52-LMZ

6.1

N/D

38.2 % (200)

196

Zanthoxylum schinifoliumSleb. et Zucc.

Peel

20151128-48-HJ

21.2

1.75 fold (200)

50.3 % (200)

  1. SF (2.0 μM) with an approximately 1.7-fold induction was used as a positive control for QR assay; Didox (100 μM) with an approximately 60 % inhibition of NO production was adopted as a positive control for NO inhibitory assay; MQI: the maximum folds of QR inducing activity under the tested concentration; MIR: the maximum inhibition rate of NO production under the nontoxic tested concentration; N/D, undetected