Fig. 2

Cytotoxic effect of kaempferol on the MC3T3-E1 cells. The cytotoxicity of various concentrations of kaempferol to MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to the treatment for 24–72 h was determined with an MTT assay. Concentrations of 0.1–10 μM had no obvious effect on the cells. However, concentrations over 10 μM significantly reduced the viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells compared with untreated controls. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6). The statistical significance of each group was analyzed by a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 at 24 h, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 at 48 h, and †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 at 72 h for the difference between the treatment group (0.1–1000 μM) compared to the non-treated group (0 μM))