Fig. 2

Effect of oral administration of P. gingivalis or propolis on gene expression in the liver. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism a, glucose metabolism b, and inflammation c. Sham-administered mice (N = 7), P. gingivalis-administered mice (N = 7), Propolis-administered mice (N = 8). The relative mRNA expressions of the genes of interest were normalized to the relative quantity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. All data are means ± SD. (*p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s multiple comparison test)