Fig. 1

EEST attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner with no cytotoxicity. a BMMs were cultured for 4 days in the presence of M-CSF (30 ng/mL) and RANKL (50 ng/mL) with the indicated concentrations of EEST. Cells were fixed in 3.7 % formalin, permeabilized with 0.1 % Triton X-100, and stained with TRAP solution. TRAP⁺ MNCs were photographed under a light microscope. b TRAP⁺ MNCs with more than 5 nuclei were counted. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01 vs. control. c BMMs were seeded into a 96-well plate and cultured for 3 days in the presence of M-CSF (30 ng/mL) and the indicated concentrations of EEST. After 3 days, the absorbance at 450 nm was determined using an ELISA reader