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Fig. 7 | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Fig. 7

From: Anti-inflammatory effects of Viola yedoensis and the application of cell extraction methods for investigating bioactive constituents in macrophages

Fig. 7

Effect of VYE on LPS-induced (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-6, and (c) IL-1β cytokine production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophage cells were treated with VYE for 1 h prior to incubation with LPS for 24 h. Cytokine levels in the culture supernatant were analyzed by ELISA. As a control, the cells were incubated with vehicle alone. Data represent the means ± SE of three independent experiments. ** p < 0.001 compared to the LPS-stimulated value

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