Fig. 2

Effect of VYE on LPS-induced (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-6, and (c) IL-1β mRNA expression in macrophages. Cells were pretreated with VYE for 1 h and stimulated with LPS for a further 6 h. mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Amplification and analyses of mRNA were performed using the QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-time PCR System (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Data represent the means ± SE of three independent experiments. * p < 0.01 and ** p < 0.001 compared to the LPS-stimulated value