Fig. 3

The effects of cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3R) on DNA cleavage-mediated by glycation of lysine with methylglyoxal (MG) in the absence or presence of Cu²⁺. The major band corresponds to supercoiled form (SC), and damaged plasmid DNA is represented as opened circular form (OC). pUC19 DNA (0.25 μg) was incubated with the following: a Lane 1, DNA alone; Lane 2, 50 mM lysine; Lane 3, 50 mM MG; Lane 4, 300 μM CuSO₄; Lane 5, 1 mM C3R. b Lane 1, DNA alone; Lane 2, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG; Lane 3, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 0.125 mM C3R; Lane 4, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 0.25 mM C3R; Lane 5, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 0.5 mM C3R; Lane 6, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 1 mM C3R. c Lane 1, DNA alone; Lane 2, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 300 μM Cu²⁺; Lane 3, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 300 μM Cu²⁺ + 0.125 mM C3R; Lane 4, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 300 μM Cu²⁺ + 0.25 mM C3R; Lane 5, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 300 μM Cu²⁺ + 0.5 mM C3R; Lane 6, 50 mM lysine + 50 mM MG + 300 μM Cu²⁺ + 1 mM C3R