Fig. 4

HemoHIM-treated BMDCs induced the activation of antigen-specific Th1 cells. a OVA-specific Th1 cells were co-cultured for 48 h with C57BL/6-derived BMDCs that were treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) or HemoHIM (100 μg/ml). The proliferation of OVA-specific Th1 cells was then assessed using a Bromo-kit. b Culture supernatants were harvested after 24 h, and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. The results are representative of three experiments. ^*, p < 0.05, ^**, p < 0.01, and ^***, p < 0.001 vs. OVA-specific T cells co-cultured with untreated BMDCs. ⁺, p < 0.05, ⁺⁺, p < 0.01, and ⁺⁺⁺, p < 0.001 vs. OVA-specific T cells co-cultured with OVA-pulsed BMDCs. Not detection (N.D) showed less than 10 pg/ml of cytokine secretion in this experiment