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Table 3 Outcome measures used to assess the LEAP project

From: Evaluation of a spirituality informed e-mental health tool as an intervention for major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults – a randomized controlled pilot trial

Outcome

Younger group (13–18 years of age)

Instrument

Score Interpretation

Reference

Depression

Children’s Depression Rating Scale – Revised (CDRS –R)

↑ score = ↑ depression

Poznanski E & Mokros H, [47]

A raw score of 40 or more is indicative of depression.

Self-Concept

Piers Harris 2

↑ score = improved self-concept

Piers E & Herzberg D, [48]

T-score ranges: < 29 is very low; 30–39 is low; 40–44 is low average, 45–55 is average; >56 is above average

Scores below 44 indicate low self-concept and 45–55 reflect average self-concept.

Spiritual well being

Spiritual and Well-Being Scale (SWBS)

↑ score = ↑ spiritual well-being

Paloutzian R & Ellison C, [49]

Scores of 40 or lower indicate low overall spiritual well-being.

 

Older group (19–24 years of age)

 

Instrument

Score Interpretation

References

Depression

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)

↑ score = ↑ depression

Williams et al., [50]

Lower scores indicate improvement.

Scores of 12–19 indicate mild to moderate major depressive disorder.

Self-Concept

6-Factor Rating Scale (SFSCS)

↑ score = improved self-concept

Stake L, 1994 [51] Yanico B & Lu T, [52]

Spiritual well-being

SIBS – Spiritual Involvement and Belief Scale

↑ score = ↑ spiritual well-being

Hatch et al., [53]