Baseline parameters | Probiotic group (n = 68) | Placebo group (n = 68) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 52.9 ± 9.2 | 54.2 ± 8.3 | 0.362 |
Gender (male) | 37 (54.4 %) | 34 (50 %) | 0.731 |
Ethnicity | |||
• Malay | 31 (45.6 %) | 38 (55.8 %) | 0.601 |
• Chinese | 18 (26.4 %) | 17 (25 %) | |
• Indian | 16 (23.6 %) | 11 (16.2 %) | |
• Other races | 3 (4.4 %) | 2 (3 %) | |
HbA1c | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 0.795† |
Physical characteristics | |||
• Weight (kg) | 74.6 ± 15.1 | 76.6 ± 15.6 | 0.514 |
• Height (cm) | 160.0 ± 8.4 | 161.8 ± 9.4 | 0.285 |
• BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 5.6 | 29.3 ± 5.3 | 0.837 |
• WC | |||
Male (cm)a | 100.4 ± 13.5 | 102.0 ± 13.7 | 0.429 |
Female (cm)b | 97.3 ± 14.6 | 96.7 ± 9.5 | 0.618 |
Diet intake | |||
• Energy (kcal) | 1473 ± 402 | 1508 ± 503 | |
• % of calorie by carbohydrate | 54.1 ± 7.9 | 53.9 ± 8.2 | 0.917 |
• % of calorie by protein | 16.3 ± 3.9 | 17.1 ± 3.7 | 0.612 |
• % of calories by fat | 29 ± 2 | 28.6 ± 5.4 | 0.917 |
• Fibre (gr) | 7 ± 5 | 6 ± 4 | 0.283† |
• Sodium (gr) | 1522 ± 639 | 1840 ± 919 | 0.065 |
Physical activity level | |||
• Total physical activity score (MET_min/wk) | 1784 ± 2100 | 1989 ± 1869 | 0.570 |
• Sedentary activity (hours/day) | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 5.5 ± 3.0 | 0.212 |
Renal profile | |||
Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.5 ± 2.2 | 137.9 ± 2.5 | 0.094 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.42 ± 0.30 | 4.40 ± 0.40 | 0.284 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 4.26 ± 1.29 | 4.03 ± 0.89 | 0.069† |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 69.20 ± 17.36 | 72.10 ± 18.84 | 0.326 |
GFR (ml/min) | 74.45 ± 18.5 | 73.66 ± 13.38 | 0.423 |
Liver function tests | |||
Albumin (g/L) | 45.64 ± 3.22 | 45.51 ± 2.53 | 0.713 |
Total protein (g/L) | 74.24 ± 4.93 | 73.87 ± 3.73 | 0.780 |
Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9.77 ± 3.50 | 10.38 ± 3.92 | 0.417† |
ALT (U/L) | 23.20 ± 9.65 | 32.53 ± 16.10 | 0.001*† |
ALP (U/L) | 68.49 ± 23.19 | 73.42 ± 18.11 | 0.088 |
AST (U/L) | 20.1 ± 4.7 | 25.8 ± 7.1 | 0.002* |