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Table 1 Baseline data of subjects in each group

From: Effect of microbial cell preparation on renal profile and liver function among type 2 diabetics: a randomized controlled trial

Baseline parameters

Probiotic group (n = 68)

Placebo group (n = 68)

P value

Age

52.9 ± 9.2

54.2 ± 8.3

0.362

Gender (male)

37 (54.4 %)

34 (50 %)

0.731

Ethnicity

 • Malay

31 (45.6 %)

38 (55.8 %)

0.601

 • Chinese

18 (26.4 %)

17 (25 %)

 

 • Indian

16 (23.6 %)

11 (16.2 %)

 

 • Other races

3 (4.4 %)

2 (3 %)

 

HbA1c

7.6 ± 1.3

7.5 ± 1.3

0.795†

Physical characteristics

 • Weight (kg)

74.6 ± 15.1

76.6 ± 15.6

0.514

 • Height (cm)

160.0 ± 8.4

161.8 ± 9.4

0.285

 • BMI (kg/m2)

29.2 ± 5.6

29.3 ± 5.3

0.837

 • WC

   

 Male (cm)a

100.4 ± 13.5

102.0 ± 13.7

0.429

 Female (cm)b

97.3 ± 14.6

96.7 ± 9.5

0.618

Diet intake

 • Energy (kcal)

1473 ± 402

1508 ± 503

 

 • % of calorie by carbohydrate 

54.1 ± 7.9

53.9 ± 8.2

0.917

 • % of calorie by protein

16.3 ± 3.9

17.1 ± 3.7

0.612

 • % of calories by fat

29 ± 2

28.6 ± 5.4

0.917

 • Fibre (gr)

7 ± 5

6 ± 4

0.283†

 • Sodium (gr)

1522 ± 639

1840 ± 919

0.065

Physical activity level

 • Total physical activity score (MET_min/wk)

1784 ± 2100

1989 ± 1869

0.570

 • Sedentary activity (hours/day)

6.2 ± 3.3

5.5 ± 3.0

0.212

Renal profile

 Sodium (mmol/L)

138.5 ± 2.2

137.9 ± 2.5

0.094

 Potassium (mmol/L)

4.42 ± 0.30

4.40 ± 0.40

0.284

 Urea (mmol/L)

4.26 ± 1.29

4.03 ± 0.89

0.069†

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

69.20 ± 17.36

72.10 ± 18.84

0.326

 GFR (ml/min)

74.45 ± 18.5

73.66 ± 13.38

0.423

Liver function tests

 Albumin (g/L)

45.64 ± 3.22

45.51 ± 2.53

0.713

 Total protein (g/L)

74.24 ± 4.93

73.87 ± 3.73

0.780

 Bilirubin (μmol/L)

9.77 ± 3.50

10.38 ± 3.92

0.417†

 ALT (U/L)

23.20 ± 9.65

32.53 ± 16.10

0.001*†

 ALP (U/L)

68.49 ± 23.19

73.42 ± 18.11

0.088

 AST (U/L)

20.1 ± 4.7

25.8 ± 7.1

0.002*

  1. Results are expressed as Mean ± SD or n(%) where appropriate
  2. Abbreviation: OAD: Oral Anti-Diabetic Agent, OW/OB: Overweight and obese, HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c
  3. † log transformed independent sample t-test
  4. *significant difference between two groups
  5. an = 34 in Placebo Group, n = 31 in Probiotic Group, bn = 34 in Placebo Group, n = 37 in Probiotic Group