Fig. 3

Effects of GPS on spontaneous locomotor activity after exposure to chronic EF stress in mice. Mice (ICR, male, 25–30 g) were orally treated with GPS (30, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), GP-WX (50 mg/kg), GP-EX (50 mg/kg, positive control) or saline (0.9 %) once a day for 10 days. Mice were also exposed to EF (intensity, 0.6 mA, 1 s every 5 s, periods, 3 min) for chronic stress for 10 days (chronic EF-stressed groups, Stress). Spontaneous locomotor activity was performed as described under the Methods section. The results are expressed as means ± S.E.M. for 8–10 animals per groups. *p < 0.05 compared with control group at each day; ^#p < 0.05 compared with chronic EF-stressed group at each day); ^†p < 0.05 compared with baseline (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test); ^§p < 0.05 compared with between the un-stressed groups and stressed groups (two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test); ^Φp < 0.05 compared with day-1 group between the three factors, doses, un-stressed and stressed stimuli, and days (three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test)