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Table 1 Progression toward clonic-like movement with PTZ in adult zebrafish

From: Valerenic acid and Valeriana officinalis extracts delay onset of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced seizures in adult Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

Stage

Stage description

PTZ Concentration at which the behavior is first seen

1

Stay or move near the bottom of the tank

0.10 mg/ml (0.72 mM)

2

Rapid movement in all directions,

0.10 mg/ml (0.72 mM)

3

Hit the tank walls

0.50 mg/ml (3.6 mM)

4

Rapidly go to the water surface and then rapidly go to the bottom of the tank

0.70 mg/ml (5.0 mM)

5

Shaking movement

a

6

Erratic movements (circular motion, diagonal movement)

0.70 mg/ml (5.0 mM)

7

Wild jumping, Clonic-like movement (convulsion) then loss of coordination/ posture, remaining at the bottom

0.70 mg/ml (5.0 mM)

8

Recover posture/motion

0.70 mg/ml (5.0 mM)

9

Death

1 mg/mlb (7.5 mM)

  1. Zebrafish (n = 6–12 per concentration) were exposed to different concentrations of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) for 30 min. The development of convulsions was analyzed by observation of video tapes. At higher concentrations (6–20 mg/ml) some pre-convulsion stages were not observed
  2. aFew naive zebrafish presented this stage, but it was observed in zebrafish challenged with PTZ (3 mg/ml, 21.7 mM) after pretreatment with AEDs or valerians
  3. bSome animals survived after 30 min