Fig. 4

Oligonol suppressed inflammation responses induced by PA in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 250 μM of PA in the absence or presence of Oligonol (ranging from 1 to 10 μg/ml) for 24 h. (a) TNFα, IL-6, and MCP-1 mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. (b) IL-6 released into the culture medium was assayed. (c) STAT3 and SOCS3 mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. Values were normalized to GAPDH. Data were presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; each performed in triplicates. White bars represent HepG2 cells treated with vehicle, and black bars represent HepG2 cells treated with PA. (d) STAT3 activation was examined by its phosphorylation state using Western blot analysis. β-actin was used as a loading control. Graphs represent densitometric analysis of Western blots. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.005 vs. vehicle-treated control (CTL); ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.005 vs. palmitate-treated cells (PA)